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In recent years, a wider range of clinical manifestations of this complex disease have been observed, emphasizing the importance of gaining a more profound understanding beyond optic neuritis (ON) and transverse myelitis (TM).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Current knowledge<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explores the many clinical symptoms of NMOSD, including common and uncommon presentations. Distinctive aspects of ON, TM, and diencephalic\/brainstem syndromes are examined, highlighting their unique characteristics in contrast to conditions such as multiple sclerosis. We also discuss extra\u2010CNS involvement, such as unusual signs, including muscle involvement, retinal injury, auditory impairment, and rhinological symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims and objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study intends to highlight the wide range and complexity of NMOSD presentations, emphasizing the significance of identifying unusual symptoms for precise diagnosis and prompt management. The specific processes that contribute to the varied clinical presentation of NMOSD are not well understood despite existing information. This emphasizes the necessity for more study to clarify the mechanisms that cause different symptoms and discover new treatment targets for this complex autoimmune disorder.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>It is essential to acknowledge the complex and varied clinical manifestations of NMOSD to enhance diagnosis, treatment, and patient results. By enhancing our comprehension of the fundamental processes and investigating innovative therapeutic approaches, we may aim to enhance the quality of life for persons impacted by this illness.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,13]],"date-time":"2024-08-13T04:44:09Z","timestamp":1723524249000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: Exploring the diverse clinical manifestations and the need for further exploration"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hamid","family":"Noori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3481-4534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Dheyaa 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