{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T20:03:50Z","timestamp":1789243430583,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]],"date-time":"2015-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In addition to experiencing traumatic events while deployed in a combat environment, there are other factors that contribute to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>) in military service members. This study explored the contribution of genetics, childhood environment, prior trauma, psychological, cognitive, and deployment factors to the development of traumatic stress following deployment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both pre\u2010 and postdeployment data on 231 of 458 soldiers were analyzed. Postdeployment assessments occurred within 30\u00a0days from returning stateside and included a battery of psychological health, medical history, and demographic questionnaires; neurocognitive tests; and blood serum for the D2 dopamine receptor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DRD<\/jats:styled-content>2), apolipoprotein E (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">APOE<\/jats:styled-content>), and brain\u2010derived neurotropic factor (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDNF<\/jats:styled-content>) genes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Soldiers who screened positive for traumatic stress at postdeployment had significantly higher scores in depression (<jats:italic>d\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>1.91), anxiety (<jats:italic>d\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>1.61), poor sleep quality (<jats:italic>d\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.92), postconcussion symptoms (<jats:italic>d\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>2.21), alcohol use (<jats:italic>d\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.63), traumatic life events (<jats:italic>d\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.42), and combat exposure (<jats:italic>d\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.91). <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDNF<\/jats:styled-content> Val66 Met genotype was significantly associated with risk for sustaining a mild traumatic brain injury (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTBI<\/jats:styled-content>) and screening positive for traumatic stress. Predeployment traumatic stress, greater combat exposure and sustaining an <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">mTBI<\/jats:styled-content> while deployed, and the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BDNF<\/jats:styled-content> Met\/Met genotype accounted for 22% of the variance of postdeployment <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> scores (<jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.22, <jats:italic>P\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.001). However, predeployment traumatic stress, alone, accounted for 17% of the postdeployment <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest predeployment traumatic stress, genetic, and environmental factors have unique contributions to the development of combat\u2010related traumatic stress in military service members.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]],"date-time":"2015-12-17T15:12:13Z","timestamp":1450365133000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":67,"title":["Brain\u2010derived neurotropic factor polymorphisms, traumatic stress, mild traumatic brain injury, and combat exposure contribute to postdeployment traumatic stress"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Michael N.","family":"Dretsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Aeromedical Research Laboratory 6901 Farrel Road Fort Rucker Alabama 22206"},{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 4860 South Palmer Road Bethesda Maryland 20889"},{"name":"Human Dimension Division (HDD) Headquarters Army Training and Doctrine Command (HQ TRADOC) 950 Jefferson Ave Fort Eustis Virginia 23604"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Intrepid Center of Excellence Walter Reed National Military Medical Center 4860 South Palmer Road Bethesda Maryland 20889"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Emmerich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gogce","family":"Crynen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghania","family":"Ait\u2010Ghezala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helena","family":"Chaytow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venkat","family":"Mathura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona C.","family":"Crawford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roskamp Institute 2040 Whitfield Ave Sarasota Florida 34243"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant L.","family":"Iverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program Boston Massachusetts"},{"name":"Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center Bethesda Maryland"},{"name":"Center for Health and Rehabilitation Department of Physical Medicine &amp; Rehabilitation Harvard Medical School 79\/96 Thirteenth Street Charlestown Navy Yard Charlestown Massachusetts 02129"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036201"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2012.00801.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08914"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.2.272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.63.11.1238"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Genetics of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"25","author":"Burke J. 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