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However, human\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      neurons from drug\u2010dependent subjects were not available for study until recent development in inducible pluripotent stem cells (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s) technology.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we produced\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      neurons differentiated using\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      s derived from opioid\u2010dependent and control subjects carrying different 3\u2032\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      (variable number tandem repeat) polymorphism in the human dopamine transporter (\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SLC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        6A3\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      ). In addition, the effects of valproic acid (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) exposures on\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010derived human\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      neurons are also examined.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We present the first evidence suggesting that the 3\u2032\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VNTR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      polymorphism in the\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">hDAT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      gene affects\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      expression level in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010derived human\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      neurons. In human\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      neurons, which provide an appropriate cellular milieu,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      treatment alters the expression of several genes important for dopaminergic neuron function including\n                      <jats:italic>\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DAT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        , Nurr1, and\n                        <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TH<\/jats:styled-content>\n                        ;\n                      <\/jats:italic>\n                      this might partly explain its action in regulating addictive behaviors.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VPA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      treatment also significantly increased\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      D2 receptor (\n                      <jats:italic>Drd2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) expression, especially in the opioid\u2010dependent\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      cell lines.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our data suggest that human\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">iPSC<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010derived\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      neurons may be useful in in\u00a0vitro experimental model to examine the effects of genetic variation in gene regulation, to examine the underlying mechanisms in neurological disorders including drug addiction, and to serve as a platform for therapeutic development.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,26]],"date-time":"2016-05-26T02:54:33Z","timestamp":1464231273000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Using\n                    <scp>iPSC<\/scp>\n                    \u2010derived human\n                    <scp>DA<\/scp>\n                    neurons from opioid\u2010dependent subjects to study dopamine dynamics"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Sheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Case Western Reserve University Cleveland Ohio 44106"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Filichia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery Case 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