{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T03:58:48Z","timestamp":1768795128442,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]],"date-time":"2016-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102006\u20102005372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102006\u20102005372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Like nonverbal cues in oral interactions, text\u2010based emoticons, which are textual portrayals of a writer's facial expressions, are commonly used in electronic device\u2013mediated communication. Little is known, however, about how text\u2010based emoticons are processed in the human brain. With this study, we investigated whether the text\u2010based emoticons are processed as face expressions using <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>During <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> scan, subjects were asked to respond by pressing a button, indicating whether text\u2010based emoticons represented positive or negative emotions. Voxel\u2010wise analyses were performed to compare the responses and contrasted with emotional versus scrambled emoticons and among emoticons with different emotions. To explore processing strategies for text\u2010based emoticons, brain activity in the bilateral occipital and fusiform face areas were compared.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the voxel\u2010wise analysis, both emotional and scrambled emoticons were processed mainly in the bilateral fusiform gyri, inferior division of lateral occipital cortex, inferior frontal gyri, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DLPFC<\/jats:styled-content>), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">dACC<\/jats:styled-content>), and parietal cortex. In a percent signal change analysis, the right occipital and fusiform face areas showed significantly higher activation than left ones. In comparisons among emoticons, sad one showed significant <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BOLD<\/jats:styled-content> signal decrease in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">dACC<\/jats:styled-content>, the left <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AIC<\/jats:styled-content>, the bilateral thalamus, and the precuneus as compared with other conditions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study imply that people recognize text\u2010based emoticons as pictures representing face expressions. Even though text\u2010based emoticons contain emotional meaning, they are not associated with the amygdala while previous studies using emotional stimuli documented amygdala activation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.500","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]],"date-time":"2016-06-10T06:50:57Z","timestamp":1465541457000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Neural correlates of text\u2010based emoticons: a preliminary fMRI study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Ko Woon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Samsung Medical Center Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Won","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeewook","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tae Min","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Eulji University Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bumseok","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neuroscience and Development Laboratory Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering Korean Advanced Institute of Science and Technology Daejeon Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01483-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.21159"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470919.2013.873737"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2004.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2007.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439307311611"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.9926"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/118.1.279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"418","article-title":"Functional atlas of emotional faces processing: a voxel\u2010based meta\u2010analysis of 105 functional magnetic resonance imaging studies","volume":"34","author":"Fusar\u2010Poli P.","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562165"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2003.11.049"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(89)80054-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-11-06336.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80690-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01482-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/71152"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23210"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1330"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-11-04302.1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00553.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(00)00073-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2003.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2008.02.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn909"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2009.21203"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.10075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1997.9.5.605"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-010-0262-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.22535"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1999.82.3.1610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"Decoding of faces and face components in face\u2010sensitive human visual cortex","volume":"1","author":"Nichols D. F.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/08989290051137549"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","volume-title":"Statistical parametric mapping: the analysis of functional brain images","author":"Penny W. D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300186"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4927(98)00036-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-011-2579-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-16-05205.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02188.1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/089892900562606"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg241"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2011.06.027"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.05.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.03.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.06.077"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00251-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2013.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00155.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.10.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eej.21162"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecj.10311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecj.10332"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fbrb3.500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.500","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.500","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.500","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T01:01:30Z","timestamp":1696554090000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.500"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.500"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.500","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,10]]},"article-number":"e00500"}}