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There is a growing literature, mostly in adults, showing that significant neurocognitive impairments are common in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . It remains unclear whether these impairments are pre\u2010existing trait markers of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , state\u2010related impairments that fluctuate with depressive symptoms, or \u2018scar\u2019 impairments that worsen with illness progression. The aim of this study is to provide a conceptual framework for understanding\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and neurocognitive impairment in adolescence and young adulthood (ages 12\u201325\u00a0years).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Examination of the evidence for neurocognitive deficits as trait, state, and scar features of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      according to different study designs (family studies, premorbid studies, current depression, remitted depression, and longitudinal studies with repeated assessment) was conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The few premorbid and family studies conducted in youth provide equivocal evidence for neurocognitive impairments as trait markers of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . The presence of state\u2010based neurocognitive impairment remains unclear as evidence comes mostly from cross\u2010sectional studies. There are a limited, but growing number of longitudinal studies with repeated neurocognitive assessment in youth. Studies that examined neurocognition prior to the onset of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and with long\u2010term follow\u2010up provide tentative evidence for neurocognitive scarring.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neurocognitive impairment is a feature of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in adolescents and young adults. To better understand the nature, timing, and pattern of impairment, longitudinal studies that examine neurocognition before and after the development of full\u2010threshold\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , including following recurrence are needed. This knowledge will have important implications for mechanisms, prevention, and treatment of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">MDD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in youth.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,21]],"date-time":"2016-07-21T02:34:35Z","timestamp":1469068475000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Characterizing neurocognitive impairment in young people with major depression: state, trait, or scar?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"Allott","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orygen The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health  Parkville Victoria Australia"},{"name":"The Centre for Youth Mental Health The University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline 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