{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:31:31Z","timestamp":1786977091330,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1471305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Bacterial meningitis is a severe but treatable condition. Clinical symptoms may be ambiguous and current diagnostics lack sensitivity and specificity, complicating diagnosis. Procalcitonin (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) is a protein that is elevated in serum in bacterial infection. We aimed to assess the value of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in cerebrospinal fluid (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included patients with bacterial meningitis, both community acquired and post neurosurgery. We included two comparison groups: patients with viral meningitis and patients who underwent lumbar punctures for noninfectious indications. We calculated mean differences and 95% confidence intervals of procalcitonin in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and plasma in patients with and without bacterial meningitis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Average\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      concentrations in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      were 0.60\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.29\u20130.92) in the bacterial meningitis group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a026), 0.81 (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.33\u20131.28) in community\u2010acquired meningitis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a016) and 0.28 (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.10\u20130.45) in postneurosurgical meningitis (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010), 0.10\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.08\u20130.12) in the viral meningitis group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a014) and 0.08\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.06\u20130.09) in the noninfectious group (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a014). Mean difference of\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \u2010\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      between patients with community\u2010acquired bacterial meningitis and with viral meningitis was 0.71\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.17\u20131.25) and 0.73\u00a0ng\u00a0mL\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      (95%\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : 0.19\u20131.27) for community\u2010acquired bacterial meningitis versus the noninfectious group. The median\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCT CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      : plasma ratio was 5.18 in postneurosurgical and 0.18 in community\u2010acquired meningitis (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IQR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      4.69 vs. 0.28).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Procalcitonin in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was significantly higher in patients with bacterial meningitis when compared with patients with viral or no meningitis.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PCT<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CSF<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      may be a valuable marker in diagnosing bacterial meningitis, and could become especially useful in patients after neurosurgery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]],"date-time":"2016-08-16T22:46:45Z","timestamp":1471387605000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Procalcitonin in cerebrospinal fluid in meningitis: a prospective diagnostic study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Imanda M. E.","family":"Alons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology MCH Westeinde  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf J.","family":"Verheul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical chemistry LabWest\/MCH Westeinde  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Kuipers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical chemistry LabWest\/MCH Westeinde  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Korn\u00e9","family":"Jellema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology MCH Westeinde  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marieke J. H.","family":"Wermer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology LUMC  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ale","family":"Algra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology LUMC  Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Brain Center Rudolph Magnus UMC Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"},{"name":"Julius Center for Health Sciences and Patient Care UMC Utrecht  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabri\u00eblle","family":"Ponjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical chemistry LabWest\/MCH Westeinde  The Hague The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa040845"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804573"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2013.45.3.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.162.12.1157"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199301073280104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021334"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/513633"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-001-1165-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01740811"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21746"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Comparison of three methods for procalcitonin analysis","volume":"26","author":"Lloyd M. M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Medical Technology SA"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"S57","article-title":"Physiology and genetics of procalcitonin","volume":"49","author":"Maruna P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Physiological Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Meisner M.(ed.) (2000).Procalcitonin (PCT). A new innovative infection parameter. Biochemical and clinical aspects.Stuttgart New York: Thieme. 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