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The case group comprised 1,454 epilepsy patients with newly diagnosed HCC<\/jats:styled-content>, and the control group comprised 1,448 epilepsy patients without HCC<\/jats:styled-content>. Both groups had similar distributions of sex and age, and follow\u2010up duration. Possible associations with the AED<\/jats:styled-content>s in Taiwan were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>After adjusted for AED<\/jats:styled-content>s (phenobarbital and primidone, clonazepam, clorazepate and diazepam, and other AED<\/jats:styled-content>s), and for the comorbidities of diabetes, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, hepatitis B and C virus infection, and alcoholism, the odds ratio (OR<\/jats:styled-content>) of HCC<\/jats:styled-content> was 1.22 (95% confidence interval [CI<\/jats:styled-content>]: 1.01\u20131.47) for the group of phenytoin users compared with nonphenytoin users. An annual means of 61\u2013120, 121\u2013180, and >180 of defined daily doses (DDD<\/jats:styled-content>s) of phenytoin (OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 4.07, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.03\u20138.18; OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 7.51, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 3.03\u201318.7, and OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 14.6, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 7.88\u201326.9, respectively) were significantly correlated with the risk of HCC<\/jats:styled-content> but not with a DDD<\/jats:styled-content> of \u226460. Compared with nonphenytoin users, HCC<\/jats:styled-content> patients who had used phenytoin within 1\u00a0year of HCC<\/jats:styled-content> diagnosis were at a greatest risk of HCC<\/jats:styled-content> (adjusted OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 2.29, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.71\u20133.08), followed by who had used phenytoin within 2\u00a0years of diagnosis (adjusted OR<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.92, 95% CI<\/jats:styled-content>: 1.44\u20132.56).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusion<\/jats:title>The results indicate that high dose of phenytoin was associated with a statistically significant increased OR<\/jats:styled-content> for HCC<\/jats:styled-content>, which was not demonstrated for low\u2010dose phenytoin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T07:02:49Z","timestamp":1473663769000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Association between antiepileptic drugs and hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with epilepsy: a population\u2010based case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Dong\u2010Zong","family":"Hung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science College of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Toxicology Center China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u2010Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Office for Health Data China Medical University Hospital Taichung Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Medicine China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Wen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yen\u2010Ning","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy College of Pharmacy China Medical University Taichung Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying\u2010Ray","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center Chia\u2010Yi Christian Hospital Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles\u2010C. 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