{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T02:39:27Z","timestamp":1784255967859,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1488240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP\u201097924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP\u201097924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation promotes symmetric development of bilateral auditory pathways but binaural hearing remains abnormal. To evaluate whether bilateral cortical processing remains impaired in such children, cortical activity to unilateral and bilateral stimuli was assessed in a unique cohort of 16 children who received bilateral\u00a0cochlear implants (CIs) simultaneously at 1.97\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.86\u00a0years of age and had ~4\u00a0years of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content> experience, providing the first opportunity to assess electrically driven cortical development in the absence of reorganized asymmetries from sequential implantation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cortical activity to unilateral and bilateral stimuli was measured using multichannel electro\u2010encephalography. Cortical processing in children with bilateral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>s was compared with click\u2010elicited activity in 13 normal hearing children matched for time\u2010in\u2010sound. Source activity was localized using the Time Restricted, Artefact and Coherence source Suppression (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TRACS<\/jats:styled-content>) beamformer method.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Consistent with dominant crossed auditory pathways, normal P1 activity (~100\u00a0ms) was weaker to ipsilateral stimuli relative to contralateral and bilateral stimuli and both auditory cortices preferentially responded to the contralateral ear. Right hemisphere dominance was evident overall. Children with bilateral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>s maintained the expected right dominance but differences from normal included: (i) minimal changes between ipsilateral, contralateral and bilateral stimuli, (ii) weaker than normal contralateral stimulus preference, (iii) symmetric activity to bilateral stimuli, and (iv) increased occipital lobe recruitment during bilateral relative to unilateral stimulation. Between\u2010group contrasts demonstrated lower than normal activity in the inferior parieto\u2010occipital lobe (suggesting deficits in sensory integration) and greater than normal left frontal lobe activity (suggesting increased attention), even during passive listening.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Together, findings suggest that early simultaneous bilateral cochlear implantation promotes normal\u2010like auditory symmetry but that abnormalities in cortical processing consequent to deafness and\/or electrical stimulation through two independent speech processors persist.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]],"date-time":"2017-02-28T08:41:09Z","timestamp":1488271269000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Simultaneous bilateral cochlear implants: Developmental advances do not yet achieve normal cortical processing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7944-3012","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijayalakshmi","family":"Easwar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Collaborative Program in Neuroscience The University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Deighton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blake","family":"Papsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology The University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Otolaryngology The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2491-3125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Archie's Cochlear Implant Laboratory The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto ON Canada"},{"name":"Otolaryngology The University of Toronto  Toronto ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.2008.20014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1993.tb02075.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.2005.00305.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2008.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"39","article-title":"The Word Intelligibility by Picture Identification (WIPI) test revisited","volume":"15","author":"Cienkowski K. 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