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Data from animal and human studies point to a role of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC<\/jats:styled-content>) in extinction learning and subsequent retention of extinction memories. Given the increasing interest in developing noninvasive brain stimulation protocols for psychopathology treatment, we piloted whether transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS<\/jats:styled-content>) during extinction learning, vs. during consolidation of extinction learning, might improve extinction recall in veterans with warzone\u2010related PTSD<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Twenty\u2010eight veterans with PTSD<\/jats:styled-content> completed a 2\u2010day Pavlovian fear conditioning, extinction, and recall paradigm. Participants received one 10\u2010min session of 2\u00a0mA<\/jats:styled-content> anodal tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> over AF<\/jats:styled-content>3, intended to target the vmPFC<\/jats:styled-content>. Fourteen received tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> that started simultaneously with extinction learning onset, and the remaining 14 participants received tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> during extinction consolidation. Normalized skin conductance reactivity (SCR<\/jats:styled-content>) was the primary outcome measure. Linear mixed effects models were used to test for effects of tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> on late extinction and early extinction recall 24\u00a0hr later.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>During early recall, veterans who received tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> during extinction consolidation showed slightly lower SCR<\/jats:styled-content> in response to previously extinguished stimuli as compared to veterans who received tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> simultaneous with extinction learning (p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=\u00a0.08), generating a medium effect size (Cohen's d<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0.38). There was no significant effect of tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> on SCR<\/jats:styled-content> during late extinction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Conclusions<\/jats:title>These preliminary findings suggest that testing the effects of tDCS<\/jats:styled-content> during consolidation of fear extinction may have promise as a way of enhancing extinction recall.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.681","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,12]],"date-time":"2017-04-12T03:16:40Z","timestamp":1491967000000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Transcranial direct current stimulation may modulate extinction memory in posttraumatic stress disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1497-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mascha","family":"van\u2018t Wout","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Brown Medical School Brown University Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology Providence VA Medical Center Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology Providence VA Medical Center Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madhavi K.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Brown Medical School Brown University Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology Providence VA Medical Center Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noah S.","family":"Philip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Brown Medical School Brown University Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology Providence VA Medical Center Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marguerite T.","family":"Bowker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology Providence VA Medical Center Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin D.","family":"Greenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior Alpert Brown Medical School Brown University Providence RI USA"},{"name":"Center for Neurorestoration and Neurotechnology Providence VA Medical Center Providence RI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.197"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2015.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2012.249730"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.56.6.893"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"b9","volume-title":"Beck depression inventory\u2010II","author":"Beck A. 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