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To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies examining the differences in rs\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FC<\/jats:styled-content> between men, women, and individuals who report a discrepancy between their anatomical sex and their gender identity, i.e. gender dysphoria (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GD<\/jats:styled-content>).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>To address this important issue, we present the first <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">fMRI<\/jats:styled-content> study systematically investigating the differences in typical resting\u2010state networks (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSN<\/jats:styled-content>s) and hormonal treatment effects in 26 male\u2010to\u2010female <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GD<\/jats:styled-content> individuals (MtFs) compared with 19 men and 20 women.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Differences between male and female control groups were found only in the auditory <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSN<\/jats:styled-content>, whereas differences between both control groups and MtFs were found in the auditory and fronto\u2010parietal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RSN<\/jats:styled-content>s, including both primary sensory areas (e.g. calcarine gyrus) and higher order cognitive areas such as the middle and posterior cingulate and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. Overall, differences in MtFs compared with men and women were more pronounced before cross\u2010sex hormonal treatment. Interestingly, rs\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FC<\/jats:styled-content> between MtFs and women did not differ significantly after treatment. When comparing hormonally untreated and treated MtFs, we found differences in connectivity of the calcarine gyrus and thalamus in the context of the auditory network, as well as the inferior frontal gyrus in context of the fronto\u2010parietal network.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results provide first evidence that MtFs exhibit patterns of rs\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FC<\/jats:styled-content> which are different from both their assigned and their aspired gender, indicating an intermediate position between the two sexes. We suggest that the present study constitutes a starting point for future research designed to clarify whether the brains of individuals with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GD<\/jats:styled-content> are more similar to their assigned or their aspired gender.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.691","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T18:05:33Z","timestamp":1491415533000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Male\u2010to\u2010female gender dysphoria: Gender\u2010specific differences in resting\u2010state networks"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8161-4076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Clemens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Medical School RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Junger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Medical School RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA\u2010Translational Brain Medicine  J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Pauly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Medical School RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA\u2010Translational Brain Medicine  J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Neulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine Medical School RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christiane","family":"Neuschaefer\u2010Rube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phoniatrics, Pedaudiology and Communication Disorders Medical School RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Fr\u00f6lich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Phoniatrics, Pedaudiology and Communication Disorders Medical School RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Mingoia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JARA\u2010Translational Brain Medicine  J\u00fclich Germany"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0133-4486","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Birgit","family":"Derntl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Werner Reichardt Center for Integrative Neuroscience (CIN) University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"LEAD Graduate School and Research Network  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ute","family":"Habel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Medical School RWTH Aachen University  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"JARA\u2010Translational Brain Medicine  J\u00fclich Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2011.00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM\u2010V","author":"American Psychiatric Association, A. 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