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Current treatments remain ineffective for a large fraction of patients. This may be due to unclear mechanisms behind its development and maintenance. Studies exploring the role of the gut microbiome have revealed inconsistent evidence of dysbiosis. This article aims to investigate changes in the gut microbiome, particularly, mean differences in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio, in adolescent and adult individuals with anorexia nervosa following inpatient treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal studies investigating gut microbiome composition in inpatient populations of anorexia nervosa before and after treatment were systematically reviewed. Additionally, gut microbiome compositions were characterized in three acute anorexia nervosa inpatients early after admission and after 4\u201312\u00a0weeks of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Review results indicated an increase in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in individuals with anorexia nervosa after treatment. These however did not match values of their healthy counterparts. In the case\u2010series samples, the reverse occurred with samples taken 4\u00a0weeks after treatment. In the patient who provided an extra sample 12\u00a0weeks after treatment, similar results to the studies included in the review were observed. Furthermore, Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio values in the case\u2010series samples were notably higher in the two patients who had chronic anorexia nervosa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Differences in methodologies, small sample sizes, and insufficient data limited the generalizability of the outcomes of the reviewed studies. Results suggest a potentially unique microbiome signature in individuals with chronic anorexia nervosa, which may explain different outcomes in this group of patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T01:01:16Z","timestamp":1726707676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in the Firmicutes to Bacteriodetes ratio in the gut microbiome in individuals with anorexia nervosa following inpatient treatment: A systematic review and a case series"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7924-3050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Passent","family":"Helal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Eating Disorders Service, Ward S3 Inpatients Addenbrooke's Hospital  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangmingyu","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology &amp; Infectious Disease University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puspendu","family":"Sardar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology &amp; Infectious Disease University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Conway\u2010Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Eating Disorder Service, Ward S3 Outpatients Addenbrooke's Hospital  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"School of Psychiatry NHS England  Fulbourn Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Conway\u2010Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Anaesthesia, Department of Medicine University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"John V Farman Intensive Care Unit Addenbrooke's Hospital  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia A.","family":"Pedicord","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology &amp; Infectious Disease University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaco","family":"Serfontein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adult Eating Disorders Service, Ward S3 Inpatients Addenbrooke's Hospital  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.2c00431"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms3020213"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587\u2010020\u20100603\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2304158"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3663"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2046\u20104053\u20101\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2020.109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"Covidence systematic review software.Veritas Health Innovation Melbourne Australia. 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