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As a result, children with brain tumors treated with cranial irradiation (CRT) may experience significant cognitive late effects. We sought to determine the effect of radiation to those structures on neuropsychological outcome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Forty\u2010seven children with a history of posterior fossa tumor (17 treated with surgery; 11 with surgery and chemotherapy; and 19 with surgery, chemotherapy, and CRT) underwent neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment at a mean of 4.8 years after treatment, along with 17 healthy sibling controls. The putamen, thalamus, and hippocampus were segmented on each participant's magnetic resonance imaging for diffusion indices and volumes, and in the radiation treatment group, radiation dose to each structure was calculated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Performance on visuoconstruction and spatial learning and memory was lower in patient groups than controls. Volume of the thalamus, when controlling for age, was smaller in the patient group treated with CRT than other groups. Higher radiation doses to the putamen correlated with higher fractional anisotropy in that structure. Higher radiation dose to the hippocampus correlated with lower spatial learning, and higher dose to thalami and putamina to lower verbal and nonverbal reasoning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>All children with posterior fossa tumors, regardless of treatment modality, had cognitive deficits compared to their sibling controls. Posterior fossa irradiation may affect thalamic volume and aspects of verbal and nonverbal cognitive functioning.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,19]],"date-time":"2024-09-19T05:01:02Z","timestamp":1726722062000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Dose\u2010dependent cranial irradiation associations with brain structures and neuropsychological outcomes in children with posterior fossa brain tumors"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4101-4877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mary","family":"Baron Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Keck School of Medicine of USC  Los Angeles California USA"},{"name":"CIBORG Laboratory Children's Hospital Los Angeles  Los Angeles California 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