{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:07:19Z","timestamp":1789240039007,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transforaminal and caudal epidural injections are two methods of steroid injection in lumbar radiculopathy. Using a targeted catheter with the possibility of accessing the involved spinal roots and steroid administration selectively next to them during the caudal procedure may achieve the benefits of both transforaminal and caudal procedures. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical effects and physical examinations of transforaminal steroid injection compared to caudal through a targeted catheter in lumbar radiculopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty patients with lumbar radiculopathy candidates for epidural steroid injection were divided into transforaminal (T) and caudal (C) groups. Steroid injection under fluoroscopic guidance was performed in group T with the transforaminal method and in group C with the caudal method using a targeted catheter for each involved spinal nerve root. Pain intensity visual analog scale (VAS), Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), daily analgesic consumption, and physical examinations on four follow\u2010ups (before injection, second week, first and third month) were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pain score (VAS) and functional disability index (ODI) were similar in both groups, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&gt;\u00a00.05). The positive Las\u00e8gue test was significantly higher in the caudal group than in the transforaminal group only in the third month (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Other physical examinations in both groups did not have significant differences in all the follow\u2010ups. Moreover, there was no difference in the amount of analgesic consumption in the two groups. No complications were observed in both groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study showed that transforaminal and caudal steroid injection (with a targeted catheter) in patients with lumbar radiculopathy had similar effects in controlling pain and improving functional disability of patients in the short term. Cases of recurrence of positive Las\u00e8gue test in physical examinations in the long term (third month) in the caudal group may indicate the preference of the transforaminal approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) number: IRCT20111102007984N31<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T03:36:31Z","timestamp":1728012991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of Clinical Effects and Physical Examination of Transforaminal and Caudal Steroid Injection With Targeted Catheter in Lumbar Radiculopathy: A Single\u2010Blind Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0814-0772","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farnad","family":"Imani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faezeh","family":"Mohammad\u2010Esmaeel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyedeh\u2010Fatemeh","family":"Morsalli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Ahani\u2010Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahzad","family":"Alimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nasim","family":"Nikoubakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Emami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001155"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"161","article-title":"Comparison of Caudal Versus Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Post Lumbar Surgery Syndrome After Single\u2010Level Discectomy: A Prospective, Randomized Trial","volume":"25","author":"Celenlioglu A. E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","first-page":"E509","article-title":"Transforaminal Versus Interlaminar Approaches to Epidural Steroid Injections: A Systematic Review of Comparative Studies for Lumbosacral Radicular Pain","volume":"17","author":"Chang\u2010Chien G. C.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2014\/17\/277"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0284185120903450"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","first-page":"S135","article-title":"Comparison of Analgesic Efficacy of Transforaminal Vs Caudal Epidural Approaches for Unilateral Lumbar Radiculopathy","volume":"70","author":"Iqbal M. 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