{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T15:32:47Z","timestamp":1778599967713,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013410","name":"LivaNova","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The effect of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) on cognitive domain of attention and executive functions (AEFs) has not been extensively researched. This study was set up to investigate performance variability on cognitive tests assessing AEFs in drug\u2010resistant epilepsy (DRE) patients receiving VNS therapy during a follow\u2010up of up to 5\u2009years.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty\u2010three DRE patients were assessed with the interference, maze, and written verbal fluency tests as a part of EpiTrack screening before and after VNS implantation through repeated follow\u2010ups according to the clinical VNS protocol. A linear mixed\u2010effects model was used to analyse changes in test scores.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Maze performance improved significantly by an average of 0.20 s per month (95% confidence interval (CI): \u20130.365 to \u20130.041;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.014). Interference performance improved by an average of 0.05 s per month (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.207) and number of words increased by an average of 0.03 words per month (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.079) on the verbal fluency test. On the maze test, patients with psychiatric comorbidities improved the most (0.52 s\/month,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001), while on the interference test, patients with frontal lobe epilepsy (FLE), those taking 1\u20132 antiseizure medications (ASMs) and patients with focal to bilateral tonic\u2013clonic seizures improved the most (0.14 s\/month,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005; 0.14 s\/month,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.033 and 0.16 s\/month,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.087, respectively). For verbal fluency, no clinically meaningful improvement was noted in any of the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During the follow\u2010up, maze performance markedly improved, while performance on the interference and verbal fluency tasks remained relatively stable at the group level. Accordingly, visual anticipation and planning improved during VNS therapy whereas response inhibition was unchanged at the group level despite significant enhancements in patients with FLE and those taking 1\u20132 ASM. Furthermore, the presence of psychiatric comorbidities correlated with even greater improvement on maze performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T21:26:01Z","timestamp":1733520361000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Changes in Response Inhibition, Visual Anticipation and Verbal Fluency During Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy in Patients With Drug\u2010Resistant Epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Niina","family":"L\u00e4hde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2239-7681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pabitra","family":"Basnyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jani","family":"Raitanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Sciences, Health Sciences Tampere University  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leena","family":"K\u00e4mppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsia Helsinki, Member of EpiCARE ERN, Department of Neurology Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Lehtim\u00e4ki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eija","family":"Rosti\u2010Otaj\u00e4rvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation and Psychosocial Support Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jukka","family":"Peltola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Tampere University Hospital  Tampere Finland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology Tampere University  Tampere Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurom.2021.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528\u20101157.1994.tb02482.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.680913"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Labyrinthtest","author":"Chapuis F.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010113011\u2010143750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2003.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2010.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"EpiTrack. 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