{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:10:04Z","timestamp":1789434604534,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736294400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T032588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T032588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008771","name":"Tourette Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020624","name":"NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rhythmic median nerve stimulation (MNS) at 10\u00a0Hz has been shown to cause a substantial reduction in tic frequency in individuals with Tourette syndrome. The mechanism of action is currently unknown but is hypothesized to involve entrainment of oscillations within the sensorimotor cortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy (fMRS) to explore the dynamic effects of MNS on neurometabolite concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, we investigated the effects of rhythmic and arrhythmic 10\u00a0Hz MNS on glutamate (Glu) and GABA concentrations in the contralateral sensorimotor cortex in 15 healthy controls, using a blocked fMRS design. We used a Mescher\u2013Garwood\u2010semi\u2010localized by adiabatic selective refocusing (MEGA\u2010sLASER) sequence at 7 T.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results show no difference in the difference\u2010from\u2010baseline measures between the two stimulation conditions. Looking at the effect of MNS over both conditions there is a trend for an initial increase in Glu\/tCr (total creatine) followed by a decrease over time, whereas GABA\/tCr decreased during each stimulation block.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results suggest that despite entrainment of oscillations during rhythmic MNS, there are no significant differences in the tonic neuromodulatory effects of rhythmic and arrhythmic stimulation. The reduction in Glu over the course of stimulation may reflect a decrease in the glutamatergic firing due to adaptation. This may make it less likely that an involuntary movement is generated during continuous stimulation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,8]],"date-time":"2025-01-08T21:03:28Z","timestamp":1736370208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Investigating Neurometabolite Changes in Response to Median Nerve Stimulation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1780-2168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mairi S.","family":"Houlgreave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham University Park  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy University of Nottingham University Park  Nottingham 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