{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:12:57Z","timestamp":1792188777228,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence suggests that exercise timing is crucial in reducing the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study explores the effects of delayed and early exercise on brain damage, cognitive dysfunction, and anxiety behavior using an experimental TBI model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We randomly assigned 36 male rats to six groups: control (sham, TBI), treadmill exercise (24hA, 1\u2010month exercise 24\u00a0h after TBI), 1WA (1\u2010month exercise 1\u00a0week after TBI), 1MB (1\u2010month exercise before TBI), and 1MBA (1\u2010month exercise before and after TBI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      TBI caused significant impairments in cognitive and anxiety behaviors, as well as increased brain edema (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.05). The exercise groups showed significant improvement in the following order for cognitive impairments: 1MBA\u00a0&gt;\u00a024hA\u00a0&gt;\u00a01WA\u00a0&gt;\u00a01MB. Compared to the 1WA group, exercise starting 24\u00a0h after TBI (24hA) significantly improved all variables except anxiety behavior. Exercise 1MBA was significantly more effective than other groups (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) in reducing cognitive problems, anxious behavior, and brain damage.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regular exercise or a consistent exercise routine before TBI, such as in athletes, may provide the most benefits from exercise intervention after the TBI. Starting exercise soon after the TBI (within 24\u00a0h) may help protect against brain edema and improve learning and memory by reducing cell death in specific brain regions (CA1 and CA3) and also decreasing TNF\u2010\u03b1 and MDA compared to starting exercise later (1\u00a0week after).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T08:14:00Z","timestamp":1741853640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Optimal Timing of Exercise for Enhanced Learning and Memory: Insights From CA1 and CA3 Regions in Traumatic Brain Injury Model in Male Rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4242-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Forouzan","family":"Rafie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of 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