{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T02:21:22Z","timestamp":1774146082840,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chemosensory food signals are carried by the vagus nerve (VN) from the gut to the brain and these signals contribute to communicating fullness and caloric value of the consumed food in regulatory and reward\u2010related contexts. Here, we aimed to explore whether neural responses to flavor can be modulated through noninvasive VN stimulation, which can be done transcutaneously (transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation [tVNS]) on the outer ear via the auricular branch of VN. The ideal stimulation location on the outer ear for tVNS is not agreed on but two candidate locations are cymba conchae and tragus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, we explore the optimal stimulation location for tVNS (cymba conchae, tragus, and cymba conchae and tragus) and timing of tVNS relative to chocolate milk presentation (during, after) in a within\u2010participants design (15 participants). We examined various measures of efficacy; event\u2010related potential from electroencephalogram, eye\u2010blink rate, perceptual and hedonic aspects of flavor, swallowing behavior, and consumption behavior.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed no effect of stimulation location on any of the dependent variables. Unexpectedly, we observed a large effect of food consumption on spontaneous eye\u2010blink rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, overall we did not observe a clear optimal ear location for tVNS\u2010induced modulation of neurophysiological, perceptual, and behavioral variables. Future studies may confirm whether spontaneous eye\u2010blink rate can be a sensitive proxy for food reward\u2010related phasic dopamine shifts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T08:05:03Z","timestamp":1741853103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation Effects on Flavor\u2010Evoked Electroencephalogram and Eye\u2010Blink Rate"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7923-5886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samet","family":"Albayrak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Science, Informatics Institute Middle East Technical University Ankara 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