{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T19:54:58Z","timestamp":1782762898340,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]],"date-time":"2025-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P50 AA026117"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA026117"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 AA26551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AA26551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R37 AA17531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37 AA17531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AA30928"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AA30928"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32AA7565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32AA7565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32 NS115704"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32 NS115704"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite extensive, cross\u2010disciplinary research revealing a relationship between early life stress (ELS) and an increased risk for neuropsychiatric disorders, the underlying processes mediating this relationship are not fully understood. Further, the majority of preclinical studies investigating this relationship have not taken sex differences into consideration. A growing body of work suggests that microglia, resident immune cells of the brain, are impacted by ELS and contribute to some of the maladaptive behavioral phenotypes in adulthood. Here, we utilized an adolescent social isolation (aSI) model of ELS in female rats to test the role of microglia in mediating the effects of ELS on anxiety\u2010related behaviors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study sought to determine whether microglia ablation during aSI could prevent anxiety\u2010like behaviors in female Long Evans rats. A colony\u2010stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1\u2010r) inhibitor, PLX3397, was provided in chow to ablate microglia at the start of the isolation period (postnatal day (P) 21\u201342). During the aSI period, animals performed a battery of behavioral assays including the open field test, elevated plus maze, and successive alleys test. Following completion of the behavioral assays, brain tissue was collected to confirm the efficacy of PLX3397 and identify changes in microglia population density.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative to group\u2010housed (GH) controls, aSI rats showed increased locomotor activity in the open field test and higher closed\u2010arm entries on the elevated plus maze. Although PLX3397 effectively ablated microglia across all animals, this treatment had minimal effects on observed aSI\u2010associated phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Together, these data suggest that microglia are not required for behavioral adaptations promoted by aSI. Future studies will be needed to assess the role of microglia in the relationship between ELS and maladaptive behavioral phenotypes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T18:35:20Z","timestamp":1741718120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Is the Relationship Between Adolescent Social Isolation and Anxiety\u2010Like Behaviors Altered by Microglia Ablation in Female Long Evans Rats?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3140-1403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Blumberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ava","family":"Shipman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1867-9645","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Olyha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Gironda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey L.","family":"Weiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Neuroscience Wake Forest University School of Medicine  Winston\u2010Salem North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"American Psychological Association. n.d. \u201cStress in America 2023: A Nation Recovering From Collective Trauma.\u201d Accessed February 13 2024.https:\/\/www.apa.org\/news\/press\/releases\/stress\/2023\/collective\u2010trauma\u2010recovery."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2022.797755"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.669075"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00488"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2022.1022431"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolton J. 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