{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:51:17Z","timestamp":1791600677182,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MRC\u2010RFA\u2010IFSP\u201001\u20102013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC\u2010RFA\u2010IFSP\u201001\u20102013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults with childhood trauma exposure may exhibit brain changes typically associated with aging and neurodegeneration (e.g., reduced tissue volume or integrity) to a greater degree than their unexposed counterparts, suggesting accelerated brain aging. Machine learning methods that predict a person's age based on their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scan may be useful for investigating aberrant brain aging following childhood trauma exposure. Emerging evidence indicates altered brain aging in adolescents with childhood trauma exposure; however, this association has not been examined in healthy adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the associations between childhood trauma exposure, including abuse and neglect, and brain\u2010predicted age in psychiatrically healthy adults. \u201cBrain age\u201d predictions were generated from T1\u2010weighted structural MRI scans using a pre\u2010trained machine learning pipeline, namely brainageR. The differences between brain\u2010predicted age and chronological age were calculated and associations with childhood trauma questionnaire scores were investigated using linear regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The final sample (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 153; mean age 46 \u00b1 16 years, 70% female) included 69 adults with childhood trauma exposure and 84 unexposed adults. Childhood sexual abuse was associated with an average increased brain age of 3.2 years, adjusting for chronological age and age\u2010squared, sex, and scanner site; however, this finding did not survive correction for multiple comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this study represents the first published investigation of brain age in adults with childhood trauma using a machine\u2010learning\u2010based prediction model. Our findings suggest a link between childhood trauma exposure, specifically sexual abuse, and accelerated brain aging in adulthood, but this association should be replicated in future work. Accentuated brain aging in adulthood may increase the risk of age\u2010related cognitive and neurodegenerative decline and associated disorders later in life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T01:05:44Z","timestamp":1743728744000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Increased Brain Age Among Psychiatrically Healthy Adults Exposed to Childhood Trauma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1494-1800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanell\u00e9","family":"Hendrikse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leigh Luella","family":"van den Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit South African Medical Research Council\/Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Emsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soraya","family":"Seedat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit South African Medical Research Council\/Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"},{"name":"Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit South African Medical Research Council\/Stellenbosch University  Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2008.20.3.292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26292"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002087"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","volume-title":"Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: A Retrospective Self\u2010Report Questionnaire and Manual","author":"Bernstein D. P.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04554-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2022.103175"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000049"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.822917"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2413"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2020.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2013.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-018-0098-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.07.059"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2017.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000270.supp"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2023.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.831378"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-018-1525-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2024.115887"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2021.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2024.02.863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00789"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.58.110405.085605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-020-0754-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12559-023-10179-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2019.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25051"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","unstructured":"Keding T. J.2021. \u201cEarly\u2010Life Exposure to Violence and Fronto\u2010Amygdala Circuit Maturation: Developmental Markers of Psychiatric Risk.\u201d PhD diss. The University of Wisconsin\u2010Madison."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2021.20081192"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00317"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.2277"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2016.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1485"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1130683"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16m11021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052440"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(97)83297-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148668"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/cpj.0000000000200124"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.12.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2016.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1115396109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01272-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","volume-title":"The Life Events Checklist for DSM\u20105 (LEC\u20105)","author":"Weathers F. W.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672050281539231222071355"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie Z. M.Li H.Sun et\u00a0al.2023. \u201cChildhood Adulthood and Cumulative Traumatic Events Experienced From Childhood to Adulthood and Dementia Risk: A Population\u2010based Cohort Study.\u201dJournal of Public Health.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10389\u2010023\u201002140\u20108.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-2726742\/v1"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.70450","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T08:42:56Z","timestamp":1759135376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.70450"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.70450"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.70450","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v3\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70450\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70450"}}