{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T16:44:56Z","timestamp":1789317896347,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gut microbiota is strongly linked to the activity of the bidirectional gut\u2010brain axis, which influences neuropsychological processes at multiple levels. Changes in the gut microbiota have been implicated in mood disorders, and probiotics have been explored for their ability to mitigate the effects of stress on mental health. Here, we investigated the therapeutic benefits of different concentrations and combinations of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      in a mouse model of stress induced depression and anxiety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sixty\u2010three male ICR mice (6\u20138 weeks old; 20\u201325g) divided into nine groups were used for this study. The test groups underwent chronic unpredictable mild stress protocols for two weeks before receiving low (10\n                      <jats:sup>4<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/ml) or high (10\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/ml) doses of either monotherapy (\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      or\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) or a combination therapy (\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) for four weeks. The antidepressant, fluoxetine, served as the positive control. Measurements of weight and sucrose preference were performed at four time points in addition to a battery of behavioral tests (open field tests, forced swim test, tail suspension test, and hot plate test) at the endpoint to assess depression and anxiety\u2010like behavior.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Low doses of the probiotic formulation (mono\u2010 or combined therapy) reversed weight loss but not anhedonia. In contrast, high doses of probiotic formulations (mono\u2010 or combined therapy), along with fluoxetine, were effective in reversing the weight loss and anhedonia caused by chronic unpredictable mild stress. Probiotics ameliorated stress\u2010induced immobility as measured by both the forced swim and tail suspension tests, while also reducing anxiety\u2010like behavior (increased peripheral activity) in the open field test. High doses of mono\u2010 or combined therapy increased curling behavior in the tail suspension test, whereas fluoxetine failed to do so.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study indicates the species\u2010 and dose\u2010dependent beneficial effects of probiotics on behavioral outcomes associated with depression while also reversing weight loss. Evidence suggests that probiotics and fluoxetine may exert antidepressant activity via different mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T02:55:11Z","timestamp":1747623311000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Combined Administration of\n                    <i>Lactobacillus<\/i>\n                    or\n                    <i>Bifidobacterium<\/i>\n                    Offers Enhanced Antidepressant and Anxiolytic Activity in a Dose Dependent Manner"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aliu Zanzeh","family":"Bankah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3352-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Amatey","family":"Tagoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Darko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Righteous","family":"Agoha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elmer Nayra","family":"Ametefe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2948-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennedy Kwami Edem","family":"Kukuia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5954-908X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Adjei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Experimentation, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2012.05344.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145711001842"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"The Gut\u2010Brain Axis: Interactions Between Enteric Microbiota, Central and Enteric Nervous Systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annals of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11071000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064\u2010010\u20100245\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.56499\/jppres16.193_5.3.187"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739\u2010023\u201003374\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0083\u20106729(10)82001\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166\u20104328(93)90035\u2010o"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2015.13.3.239"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"879","article-title":"Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Induced Behavioral Deficits: A Comparative Study in Male and Female Rats","volume":"27","author":"Farhan M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz127"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2006.117176"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"14","article-title":"Bifidobacterium Flora Status of Cosmonauts Before and After Completing Space Flights]","volume":"15","author":"Goncharova G. 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