{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:59:18Z","timestamp":1776999558331,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":25,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foreign language learning (FLL) in older adults is a comprehensive cognitive enhancement tool that integrates linguistic, cognitive, and social components to stimulate neuroplasticity and promote brain reorganization to counteract age\u2010related decline. While previous studies have investigated the impact of FLL on the cortical connectome, its effects on subcortical\u2010cortical resting\u2010state functional connectivity (rs\u2010FC) remain unexplored. The present study focuses on the connectivity of the cerebellum, based on its involvement in learning and aging. We hypothesize that FLL primarily modulates the rs\u2010FC of the most \u201ccognitive\u201d cerebellar sub\u2010regions, such as the crus and the posterior lobules.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The rs\u2010FC pattern was analyzed in 27 participants who underwent a 4\u2010week FLL (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 14) or a control (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13) protocol. Using distinct cerebellar regions as seeds in voxel\u2010wise analyses, we evaluated FLL\u2010induced changes in cerebellar\u2013neocortical connectivity. Furthermore, we quantitatively assessed the spatial overlap between the connectivity modulations and the expression of neurotransmitter receptors associated with neuroplasticity, using data from publicly available repositories.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The FLL group showed distinct changes in cerebellar\u2010neocortical rs\u2010FC, including reduced connectivity between Crus I\/Vermis IV\u2010V and the visual cortex and increased connectivity between Lobule VI\/VIIb and frontal regions. The connectivity changes involving Crus I and Lobule VI spatially overlapped with the distribution of CB1 receptors and, to a lesser extent, between the connectivity changes of Crus I\/Lobule VI and Vermis IV\u2010V and mGluR5\/GABAa receptors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We provide new insights into the involvement of the cerebellum in the beneficial effects of FLL in aging, further highlighting the role of CB1 receptors and, secondarily, mGluR5\/GABAa receptors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]],"date-time":"2025-05-26T13:04:03Z","timestamp":1748264643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Learning a Foreign Language in Older Adults Shapes the Functional Connectivity of Distinct Cerebellar Sub\u2010Regions With Cortical Areas Rich in CB\n                    <sub>1<\/sub>\n                    Receptor Expression"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Bubbico","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB) \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Tomaiuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB) \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"},{"name":"Department of Engineering and Geology \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Sestieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB) \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Golnoush","family":"Akhlaghipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Montefiore Einstein Saul R. Korey Bronx  New York USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Granzotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"},{"name":"Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST) \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ferretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"},{"name":"Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB) \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti Italy"},{"name":"UdA\u2010TechLab, Research Center \u201cG. d'Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti\u2010Pescara  Chieti 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