{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T23:13:57Z","timestamp":1793402037225,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a severe psychological condition triggered by traumatic events, commonly characterized by symptoms such as re\u2010experiencing traumatic memories, avoidance, hyperarousal, and disturbances in cognition and emotions. While PTSD is often viewed through a psychological lens, increasing evidence highlights its strong association with immune system dysfunction and inflammation. This narrative review summarizes recent research progress on the role of inflammation and immune dysregulation in PTSD, highlighting key findings and their implications for understanding the pathophysiology of the disorder.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a search in the PubMed and Web of Science databases using the keywords \u201cPTSD\u201d and \u201crelated inflammatory markers\u201d and discussed the existing literature on the relationship between PTSD and inflammatory responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The research indicates that PTSD is marked by significant imbalances in pro\u2010inflammatory and anti\u2010inflammatory cytokines across various biological fluids, including blood, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid. Abnormal immune cell activation and elevated levels of soluble adhesion molecules, chemokines, and markers of inflammation were frequently observed in PTSD patients. These inflammatory responses are accompanied by aberrant activity in central immune cells, suggesting that inflammation may play a key role in the pathogenesis of PTSD. In addition, neuroinflammatory processes were linked to cognitive and emotional disturbances commonly seen in individuals with PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that immune system dysfunction and inflammation are integral components of PTSD pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and immune dysregulation could facilitate the early identification of individuals at high risk for PTSD and pave the way for inflammation\u2010targeted therapies. Future research should focus on developing novel anti\u2010inflammatory interventions to complement existing therapeutic approaches, potentially offering new avenues for precision treatment strategies for PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T04:59:27Z","timestamp":1750136367000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Research Progress on Inflammation and Immune Dysregulation in PTSD"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5676-4753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luodong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University  Shihezi China"},{"name":"The Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental and Psychological Disorders of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps  Shihezi China"},{"name":"The Sub\u2010Center of the National Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental and Psychological Disorders Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaying","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University  Shihezi China"},{"name":"The Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental and Psychological Disorders of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps  Shihezi China"},{"name":"The Sub\u2010Center of the National Clinical Medical Research Center for Mental and Psychological Disorders Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps  Shihezi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University  Shihezi 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