{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T13:08:41Z","timestamp":1789132121874,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and depression are major global health burdens, yet their bidirectional causal relationship remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the causal relationship between depression and TBI, and to clarify whether depression is one of the potential risk factors for TBI and whether TBI is one of the pathogenic factors for depression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This bidirectional two\u2010sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis investigated causal relationships between depression (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 170,756) and TBI (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3193) using genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics. Genetic instruments were selected as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) significantly associated with exposures (depression\/TBI) and outcomes (TBI\/depression) at genome\u2010wide significance (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 5 \u00d7 10\u207b\u2076). The inverse variance weighted (IVW) method under fixed\u2010effects and multiplicative random\u2010effects models served as the primary analytical approach, with Cochran's\n                      <jats:italic>\u00a0Q\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      test evaluating SNP heterogeneity. To address horizontal pleiotropy, MR\u2010Egger regression and MR\u2010PRESSO(MR Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier)outlier correction were applied. Sensitivity analyses included weighted median, penalized weighted median, maximum likelihood estimation, and leave\u2010one\u2010out validation to ensure robustness. All analyses were conducted using the TwoSampleMR package in R (v4.3.2), with effect estimates reported as odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MR analyses revealed bidirectional causal relationships between depression and TBI. In forward analyses, depression increased TBI risk across multiple IVW frameworks (fixed\u2010effects IVW: OR = 1.137, 95% CI = 1.019\u20131.271,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022; multiplicative random\u2010effects IVW: OR = 1.137, 95% CI = 1.014\u20131.277,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028), corroborated by maximum likelihood estimation (OR = 1.137, 95% CI = 1.017\u20131.274,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.024). Reverse analyses demonstrated TBI's causal effect on depression through IVW models (fixed\u2010effects: OR = 1.083, 95% CI = 1.036\u20131.131,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001; multiplicative random\u2010effects: OR = 1.083, 95% CI = 1.043\u20131.124,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and penalized weighted median methods (OR = 1.079, 95% CI = 1.018\u20131.145,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.011). Robustness was confirmed by null heterogeneity (Cochran's Q: forward\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.209, reverse\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.596) and absence of horizontal pleiotropy (MR\u2010PRESSO: forward\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.218, reverse\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.672; MR\u2010Egger intercepts: forward\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.661, reverse\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.874). All effect estimates remained stable in sensitivity analyses, supporting unconfounded causal inference.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our MR analyses robustly demonstrate bidirectional causality: depression is a risk factor for TBI (OR = 1.137, 95% CI = 1.019\u20131.271), and TBI subsequently increases depression risk (OR = 1.083, 95% CI = 1.036\u20131.131), advocating integrated clinical monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70669","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T05:35:07Z","timestamp":1751866507000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Causal Relationship Between Depression and Traumatic Brain Injury: A Two\u2010Sample Mendelian Randomization 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