{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:01:06Z","timestamp":1772118066462,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To study the prevalence and characteristics of embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) among Sudanese patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 70 patients with recent ischemic strokes at the National Center for Neurological Sciences of Ibrahim Malik Hospital and Omdurman Teaching Hospital in Khartoum from November 2019 to March 2020. Characteristics of ESUS patients were analyzed and compared with stroke of determined source (SDS) patients. Demographics were analyzed, alongside clinical history. Imaging findings from computed tomography (CT) scans, carotid Doppler ultrasound, and echocardiographic evaluations were also assessed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were 18 (25.7%) cases in ESUS group and 52 (74.3%) cases in SDS group. ESUS group was significantly younger (44.3 \u00b1 9.9 vs. 62.3 \u00b1 17.7 years;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt; 0.001) with female predominance (66.7% vs. 46.2%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value\n                      <jats:italic>=<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.001) than SDS group. Risk factors such as hypertension (44.2%) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (35.6%) were prevalent in the SDS group. In electrocardiography (ECG) findings, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (ESUS = 16.7% vs. SDS = 7.7%) and bradycardia (ESUS = 5.6% vs. SDS = 0%) were common among ESUS patients, while, atrial fibrillation (AF) (ESUS = 0% vs. SDS = 15.4%), ischemic changes (ESUS = 11.1% vs. SDS = 32.7%), and left bundle branch block (LBBB) (ESUS = 0% vs. SDS = 7.7%) were common among SDS patients. Normal echocardiography (64.7% vs. 17.3%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.003) as well as carotid ultrasonography (US) findings (61.1% vs. 36.5%;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.002) were more prevalent in the ESUS group than in the SDS group. Multivariate analysis identified female gender (OR = 2.33; 95% CI: 1.76\u20137.16;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.016), normal findings on echocardiography (OR = 8.19; 95% CI: 2.76\u201324.32;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value 0.003), normal carotid Doppler ultrasound (OR = 5.0; 95% CI: 1.87\u201332.7;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.023), and normal ECG findings (OR = 3.5; 95% CI: 1.17\u201310.44;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      value = 0.036) as significant predictors of ESUS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study underscores significant differences between ESUS and SDS patients, highlighting the need for tailored clinical approaches based on stroke classification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70709","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T08:03:20Z","timestamp":1753085000000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Prevalence and Characteristics of Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source Among Sudanese Patients From November 2019 to March 2020: A Cross\u2010Section Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alaa Abdallah Idris","family":"Fadul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sudanese National Center for Neurological Sciences Ibrahim Malik Hospital  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Khalafalla","family":"Saees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sudanese National Center for Neurological Sciences Ibrahim Malik Hospital  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0097-5636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osman","family":"Amir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences Karary University  Omdurman Sudan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4360787"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfcm.JFCM_99_18"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(13)70310\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.765962"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201058292\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747493020909546"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(15)00132\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/itjm.2016.690"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004\u2010282x20190045"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae150"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007240"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211009847"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36660\/ijcs.20190191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000209535"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2301\/neurosonology.28.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00058"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.70709","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:13:12Z","timestamp":1765354392000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.70709"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.70709"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.70709","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v2\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/BRB3.70709\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70709"}}