{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T01:11:59Z","timestamp":1777770719113,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune induction under B\u2010cell depletion is complex and far from being fully understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated clinical and immunological responses after dual homologous mRNA vaccination with BNT162b2 and after booster vaccination or infection in 14 B\u2010cell depleted patients with inflammatory central nervous system disease in comparison to 28 healthy controls. Spike\u2010specific IgG were determined using ELISA and neutralizing activity by surrogate assay. Reactive T cells were flow\u2010cytometrically analyzed after spike\u2010specific and polyclonal stimulation. Reactogenicity was self\u2010reported using a questionnaire.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Vaccination was well tolerated, with slightly more systemic events reported by patients. Spike\u2010specific antibodies were induced in all controls, but only 43% of patients with significantly lower IgG levels and reduced neutralizing capacity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). In contrast, spike\u2010reactive T cells were induced in both groups with similar CD4 and higher CD8 T\u2010cell levels in patients. Functional characterization of spike\u2010reactive T\u00a0cells revealed equally high CTLA\u20104\u00a0expression in both groups, but higher proportions of polyfunctional, triple\u2010cytokine\u00a0expressing CD4 and CD8 T\u00a0cells in patients especially after the third immunization. Three patients experienced mild breakthrough infections after second vaccination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite limited ability of B\u2010cell\u00a0depleted patients to mount a humoral immune response after multiple doses of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mRNA vaccination, the vaccine\u2010induced T\u2010cell response is robust, which may have implications for protection against severe disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70849","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T06:26:21Z","timestamp":1756880781000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["De Novo Immune Induction After COVID\u201019 Vaccination Under B\u2010Cell Depletion Is Characterized by Robust T\u2010Cellular Immunity in Patients With Inflammatory Central Nervous System Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5489-1492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathias","family":"Fousse","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5636-1273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Klemis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5863-1268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saskia","family":"Bronder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2677-5118","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Urschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8527-8412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franziska","family":"Hielscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3596-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Fa\u00dfbender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4007-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urban","family":"Sester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHG Kliniken  V\u00f6lklingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5482-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Sester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7929-5283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg 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