{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T07:09:07Z","timestamp":1778742547402,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759190400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T032588"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T032588"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment for many brain disorders (e.g., Parkinson's disease), has a favorable adverse effect profile, and can be particularly effective for individuals with treatment\u2010resistant symptoms. DBS is, however, inaccessible for most individuals, is extremely expensive, and is not considered suitable for children and adolescents. For these reasons, noninvasive alternatives to DBS, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), are increasingly being sought to treat brain health conditions. Unfortunately, current TMS approaches exhibit large intra\u2010 and inter\u2010subject variability in their efficacy, which limits their use clinically. One likely reason for this is that TMS is invariably delivered without reference to ongoing brain activity (i.e., open loop).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We propose that the efficacy of stimulation might be improved, and the variability of its effects reduced, if stimulation could be synchronized with ongoing brain activity. To investigate this, we used transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to induce entrainment of brain activity at two frequencies (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a010\u00a0Hz and\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a020\u00a0Hz), and we delivered single\u2010pulse TMS that was temporally aligned with the phase of each tACS oscillation. To investigate the effects of tACS\u2010phase\u2010aligned TMS, we measured motor\u2010evoked potentials (MEPs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings confirm that for \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010tACS, both corticospinal excitability and inter\u2010trial variability varied as a function of tACS phase. Importantly, however, the tACS phase angle that produced maximum TMS\u2010evoked excitability was different for \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010tACS, coinciding with the negative peak (trough) for \u03b1\u2010tACS and the positive peak (peak) for \u03b2\u2010tACS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings confirm that aligning noninvasive brain stimulation to ongoing brain activity may increase the efficacy of TMS and reduce the variability of its effects. However, our results illustrate that the optimal phase of the tACS cycle at which to deliver TMS may vary for different tACS frequencies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70876","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,30]],"date-time":"2025-09-30T07:46:54Z","timestamp":1759218414000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An Investigation of the Effects of \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010Frequency Neural Entrainment Using tACS on Phase\u2010Aligned TMS\u2010Evoked Corticospinal Excitability"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Gialopsou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham, University Park  Nottingham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of Nottingham, University Park  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy University of Nottingham, University Park  Nottingham UK"},{"name":"Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine University of Nottingham, University Park  Nottingham 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