{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T01:13:24Z","timestamp":1777770804044,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":24,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current clinical assessments often fail to detect early prefrontal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD), highlighting the need for objective neuroimaging biomarkers to quantify causal connectivity patterns for early impairment detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 91 PD patients (71.08 \u00b1 5.53 years) who underwent functional near\u2010infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) recording during both resting\u2010state and verbal fluency task (VFT). Transfer entropy (TE) analysis was performed to quantify effective connectivity (EC) between prefrontal regions. Partial least squares (PLS) was then applied to examine multivariate relationships between task design, MoCA subscales, and VFT performance (verbal output).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PLS analysis revealed distinct EC patterns associated with task\u2010states (resting state vs. VFT) and cognitive performance. Specifically, EC within the prefrontal network was significantly enhanced during VFT compared to the resting state. These PLS\u2010derived patterns showed consistency with conventional paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010test results, reinforcing the robustness of findings. Stronger top\u2010down connectivity to the FPA\u2010R (the right frontopolar area) in the resting state was correlated with better language performance on the MoCA. Conversely, enhanced top\u2010down connectivity to the FPA\u2010L (the left frontopolar area) during VFT was correlated with poorer MoCA subscales in attention, abstraction, delayed recall, and orientation, as well as with reduced verbal output.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PD patients with poorer cognitive performance exhibited enhanced top\u2010down modulation of the FPA\u2010L by other prefrontal regions, suggesting compensatory network adaptation. These findings identify FPA\u2010L as a critical hub for cognitive reserve in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T04:20:40Z","timestamp":1758860440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effective Functional Pattern Between Prefrontal fNIRS Activity and Cognitive Performance in Patients With Parkinson's Disease: A Data\u2010Driven PLS Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wenzhou Central Hospital  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"},{"name":"WenZhou Panvascular Disease Management Center, The Wenzhou Central Hospital  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing Huashan Hospital Fudan University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Painology Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wenzhou Central Hospital  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wenzhou Central Hospital  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Wenzhou Central Hospital  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2022.102314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10080581"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00089"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2024.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1143-22.2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2013.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1142741"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.864662"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.09.042"},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"E3929","article-title":"Behavioral Consequences of Selective Damage to Frontal Pole and Posterior Cingulate Cortices","volume":"112","author":"Mansouri F. 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