{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T02:07:57Z","timestamp":1787450877782,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>More than 90% of people in Bangladesh are Muslims and a good portion of persons with mental illness visit religious leaders in the country. Attitude, literacy, and stigma toward mental illness affect the referral of persons with mental illness to mental health systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to see attitudes, literacy, and social stigma toward mental illness among Islamic religious leaders in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data were collected for this cross\u2010sectional study by a self\u2010reporting semi\u2010structured questionnaire from 358 Imams by convenience sampling from September 2024 to January 2025.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of the participants was 31.7\u00a0years. The majority of the participants were aged 30\u00a0years or younger (54.5%), were married (68.4%), maulanas (59.8%), and 8.1% had a history of psychiatric illness. Mental illness was perceived as highly biological, influenced by sinful acts and spiritual influence, and was poorly associated with external issues like jinn, evil eye, and black magic by the participants. A favorable scenario was noted while assessing the social stigma of mental illness, while persons with mental illness were considered dangerous. Participants correctly identified depression (92.5%), anxiety (90%), obsessive\u2013compulsive disorder (83%), and Schizophrenia (88%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study revealed findings related to attitude, social stigma, and literacy among religious leaders in a Muslim\u2010majority country. Studies assessing the association between these variables and referral patterns to mental health services are warranted to consider the findings in policymaking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.70998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T06:17:40Z","timestamp":1760595460000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Attitude, Literacy, and Social Stigma Toward Mental Illness Among Islamic Religious Leaders (Imams) in Bangladesh: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0521-5708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. M. Yasir","family":"Arafat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Bangladesh Specialized Hospital  Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Public and Community Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Frontier University Garowe  Garowe Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Khayrul","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public and Community Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Frontier University Garowe  Garowe Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjida Tanjin","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Tairunnessa Memorial Medical College  Gazipur Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md. Golam","family":"Kibria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Ad\u2010din Medical College and Hospital  Dhaka Bangladesh"},{"name":"Department of Research Centre For Development Action  Dhaka Bangladeshs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bithika","family":"Mali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Graduate Nursing Faculty of Nursing Bangladesh Medical University  Dhaka Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3998\/jmmh.10381607.0006.202"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13674676.2025.2507401"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-0610-5_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-99-9153-2_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52095\/gpa.2023.7115.1077"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5455\/jbh.20171004090621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp\u2010rj.2016.110706"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00207640241288193"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","unstructured":"Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics.2024.Population & Housing Census 2022. 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Z.2022. \u201cMental Health Attitudes and Knowledge Among Shia Muslims in America.\u201d Honors Undergraduate Thesis University of Central Florida.https:\/\/stars.library.ucf.edu\/honorstheses\/1150."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjb.2020.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","first-page":"13","article-title":"Care Seeking Behavior of Mentally Ill: A Qualitative and Quantitative Approach","volume":"15","author":"Islam M. 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