{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T18:21:15Z","timestamp":1791829275691,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the therapeutic effects of liraglutide, a glucagon\u2010like peptide\u20101 receptor agonist, on clinical progression and splenic T\u2010cell subsets in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a murine model of multiple sclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EAE was induced in C57BL\/6 mice via myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein immunization. The mice were divided into three groups: healthy controls (n = 8), EAE (n = 10), and EAE + liraglutide (n = 10). The EAE + liraglutide treatment group received subcutaneous liraglutide (10 \u00b5g\/kg every other day) starting at 8 days postimmunization. Body weight and disease score were monitored for 30 days, and part of the animals (n = 4 for each group) were sacrificed 20 days postimmunization for flow cytometry of splenocytes, and splenic T helper 1 (Th1) and regulatory T (Treg) cell proportions were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Liraglutide significantly reduced maximum clinical scores (EAE 2.50 \u00b1 0.41 versus EAE + liraglutide 1.75 \u00b1 0.59,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), but no significant differences in body weight were observed between the EAE and EAE + liraglutide groups. EAE induction decreased the proportion of splenic Treg cells (6.38% \u00b1 0.72% versus control 10.55% \u00b1 0.87%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.013), with liraglutide treatment showing no significant effect on Treg proportion relative to EAE alone (7.53% \u00b1 1.54% versus 6.38% \u00b1 0.72%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.975). However, the proportion of Th1 cells significantly increased after EAE induction (11.95% \u00b1 1.58% versus control 6.05% \u00b1 3.23%,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.025), which was reduced by liraglutide (5.94% \u00b1 2.53% versus EAE,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.025).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present preliminary findings demonstrate that liraglutide alleviates EAE severity, probably through peripheral immunomodulatory effects of splenic T helper cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  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