{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T15:56:02Z","timestamp":1786636562204,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]],"date-time":"2025-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairments, including memory decline and executive dysfunction, are well\u2010documented in Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, distortions in temporal judgment, motion perception and mental rotation in the early stages remain underexplored. Existing research has predominantly relied on verbal time\u2010estimation tasks, with a limited investigation into alternative paradigms, such as time reproduction or bisection tasks. This study investigated the diagnostic utility of time\u2013movement estimation and mental rotation tasks from the psychology experiment building language (PEBL) test battery for identifying early cognitive impairment. Moreover, it assessed correlations among task performance, cognitive test scores, and demographic variables.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional study included 28 patients with mild dementia (MD), 27 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 26 with normal cognitive function as the control cohort (CC). Participants completed the mini\u2010mental state examination, clinical dementia rating assessments, Alzheimer's disease assessment scale\u2013cognitive subscale 13 (ADAS\u2013Cog 13), and PEBL\u2010based Time\u2013Wall and mental rotation tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Time\u2013Wall task inaccuracy scores exhibited strong diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing between the CC and early AD (MCI and MD), with an AUC of 0.9, and effectively differentiated CC from MCI, with an AUC of 0.86. Conversely, the mental rotation task exhibited weaker diagnostic properties, with AUC values of 0.75 for distinguishing CC from early AD and 0.71 for distinguishing CC from MCI. The multinomial logistic regression model accurately categorized 75.3% of participants (CC = 92.3%, MCI = 59.3%, and MD = 75%), utilizing demographic data and ADAS\u2013Cog 13 and Time\u2013Wall inaccuracy scores as predictors. Both ADAS\u2013Cog 13 and Time\u2013Wall task inaccuracy scores were statistically significant predictors (\n                      <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 49.41,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001;\n                      <jats:italic>X<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 9.24,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01, respectively). Time\u2013Wall task inaccuracy scores did not notably correlate with age.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Time\u2013Wall task showed strong diagnostic utility in identifying early AD, independent of age. The mental rotation task exhibited low sensitivity and requires further investigation regarding its potential to reflect compensatory brain network functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T07:31:10Z","timestamp":1763623870000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Time\/Movement Estimation and Mental Rotation Tasks as Early Cognitive Markers in Alzheimer's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vaiva","family":"Sutnikiene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery Vilnius University  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyte","family":"Pakulaite\u2010Kazliene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery Vilnius University  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egle","family":"Audronyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery Vilnius University  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justina","family":"Kuzmickaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery Vilnius University  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gintaras","family":"Kaubrys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Institute of Clinical Medicine Clinic of Neurology and Neurosurgery Vilnius University  Vilnius Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2018.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2016.00333"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2016.16"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-02988-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2018.1518489"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32534"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220665"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281196"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617705050034"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48942-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22134468-00002020"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034201"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.04.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.728344"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1460"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12362"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.101915"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","volume-title":"Psychology Dictionary","author":"Sam N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.858001"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.171.3972.701"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12497"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170801"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","unstructured":"The PEBL Project.2019. \u201cPEBL.\u201dhttps:\/\/pebl.sourceforge.net. 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