{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:06:17Z","timestamp":1789981577762,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,7]],"date-time":"2025-12-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alzheimer's disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is characterized by amyloid\u2010\u03b2 accumulation, tau hyperphosphorylation, neuroinflammation, and synaptic failure, with no curative therapies available. This review aims to explore innovative therapeutic and diagnostic strategies, focusing on mesenchymal stem cell\u2013derived exosomes (MSC\u2010exos) as potential disease\u2010modifying agents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The review synthesizes current evidence on the regenerative, immunomodulatory, and neuroprotective properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes. It examines how MSC\u2010exos, as nanosized extracellular vesicles carrying proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, interact with the central nervous system to modulate disease pathways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MSC\u2010exos can cross the blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB), deliver neurotrophic factors, modulate microglial activity, enhance amyloid clearance, and support neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. They also hold promise as biomarkers by reflecting central nervous system pathology in peripheral biofluids. Early clinical trials using MSCs from bone marrow, adipose tissue, and umbilical cord show safety and feasibility, with exosome\u2010based approaches offering scalable, cell\u2010free alternatives.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MSC\u2010derived exosomes present a promising avenue for both therapeutic intervention and early diagnosis in AD, offering neuroprotective, anti\u2010inflammatory, and pro\u2010regenerative effects. However, further progress requires addressing challenges such as exosome isolation standardization, cargo characterization, and regulatory considerations to enable their translation into clinical practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71112","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T07:12:13Z","timestamp":1765177933000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Therapeutic and Diagnostic Roles of MSC\u2010Derived Exosomes in Alzheimer's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Vinay Shankar","family":"Patil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnold and Marie Schwartz College of Pharmacy, Long Island University Brooklyn New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavin","family":"Parekh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arnold and Marie Schwartz 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