{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T09:06:07Z","timestamp":1789981567879,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000458451"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000458451"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HI22C0520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HI22C0520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003710","name":"Korea Health Industry Development Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102024\u201000439193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102024\u201000439193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003710","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite growing interest in home\u2010based transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a scalable treatment for depression, real\u2010world evidence regarding its effectiveness, cognitive impact, and safety remains limited. Moreover, the optimal stimulation duration for home\u2010based tDCS has not been clearly established. This study aimed to compare the clinical effects of two home\u2010based tDCS protocols\u2014one with 3 weeks of active stimulation followed by 3 weeks of sham stimulation (3WA) and another with 6 weeks of active stimulation (6WA)\u2014in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this randomized controlled trial, participants diagnosed with MDD were assigned to either the 3WA or 6WA group. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Beck Depression Inventory\u2010II (BDI) and the Montgomery\u2013\u00c5sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). Cognitive function was assessed with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Adverse events were systematically monitored, and the relationship between psychotropic medication use and adverse event frequency was analyzed using logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both groups showed significant improvements in depressive symptoms and cognitive performance across four assessment points (baseline, Weeks 3, 6, and 12). Linear mixed\u2010effects models revealed a significant main effect of time for both BDI (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 33.67,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and MADRS scores (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 34.50,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), with no significant group\u2010by\u2010time interaction, indicating comparable efficacy between protocols. Model\u2010derived mean changes from baseline to Week 12 were \u22127.53 (95% CI \u22129.85 to \u22125.21) for BDI and \u22126.61 (95% CI \u22128.73 to \u22124.49) for MADRS. DSST scores also improved significantly over time (\n                      <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 55.8,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), with a mean increase of +6.62 points (95% CI +5.17 to +8.05), again showing no significant group difference. Regarding safety, non\u2010medicated participants reported fewer adverse events, whereas those taking tianeptine experienced significantly more side effects compared with other medication groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both 3\u2010week and 6\u2010week active tDCS protocols were associated with improvements in depressive symptoms and cognitive function over time in this naturalistic clinical context; however, as the study did not include a sham control, these changes should be interpreted as comparative rather than causal effects. The 3\u2010 and 6\u2010week protocols demonstrated similar therapeutic outcomes, suggesting that shorter courses may be sufficient. These findings support the real\u2010world applicability of at\u2010home tDCS and highlight the need to consider concurrent pharmacotherapy when evaluating tolerability and safety.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05539131<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T06:45:16Z","timestamp":1765435516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Real\u2010World Effects of Home\u2010Based Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial of 3\u2010Week Versus 6\u2010Week Protocols"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9579-8112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Yoon","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital Yonsei University College of Medicine  Yongin Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaesub","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital Yonsei University College of Medicine  Yongin Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7242-9496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daeyoung","family":"Roh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Ilsan Paik Hospital Inje University College of Medicine  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyungun","family":"Jhung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, International St. Mary's Hospital Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine  Incheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jhin Goo","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Behavioral Sciences in Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry Yonsei Forest Mental Health Clinic  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunyoung","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry National Health Insurance Corporation Ilsan Hospital  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Sun","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Myongji Hospital Hanyang University College of Medicine  Goyang Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangho","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Team Digital Medic Co., Ltd.  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