{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:48:52Z","timestamp":1791564532557,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although visual mental imagery has been widely researched, a lack of valid measures in Persian\u2010speaking populations has limited cross\u2010cultural, developmental, and clinical research on imagery vividness and its role in reality monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We translated, culturally adapted, and psychometrically validated the Persian version of the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire\u20102 (VVIQ\u2010Pr2) in this cross\u2010sectional study. Our sample was 630 Persian speakers. Participants completed the VVIQ\u2010Pr2 together with the Vividness of Motor Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ\u20102), the Spontaneous Use of Imagery Scale (SUIS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder\u20107 (GAD\u20107), and the Ten Item Personality Inventory (TIPI). Confirmatory factor analysis and multi\u2010group modeling were also conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Confirmatory factor analysis supported a unidimensional structure with correlated residuals demonstrating excellent model fit. The scale showed strong internal consistency. Convergent validity was confirmed by positive correlations with VMIQ\u20102 and SUIS, while discriminant validity was supported by negligible associations with anxiety and all Heterotrait\u2013Monotrait ratios falling below recommended thresholds. Scalar measurement invariance across gender was established with females scoring slightly higher than males. Finally, age modeling revealed a slight decrease in the vividness of imagery from adolescence to early adulthood, followed by relative stability after that.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The VVIQ\u2010Pr2 is a psychometrically reliable assessment tool for Persian speakers. In addition to operationalizing subjective visual experience in theories on reality monitoring, it may facilitate future cross\u2010cultural and developmental research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T07:06:48Z","timestamp":1768547208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Measuring the Subjective Signal Strength: Validating Persian Vividness of Visual Mental Imagery Questionnaire\u20102"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Atashrooz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Mirzai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences Bu\u2010Ali Sina University  Hamedan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maede Amin","family":"Roaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry) Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannaneh Fayyaz","family":"Rouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities Islamic Azad University of Lahijan  Lahijan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Ghadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities Islamic Azad University of Amol, Ayatollah Amoli Branch  Amol Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoda","family":"Doosalivand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir Sam","family":"Kianimoghadam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2006.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632\u2010200012150\u201000014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/2698\u20101866\/a000034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291712002760"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/04.22.PMS.113.5.454\u2010460"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.2002.90.2.503"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.108.3.798\u2010802"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsc.2024.101667"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2006.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/2698\u20101866\/a000022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2021.103243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201065705\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2019.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010023\u201037322\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijkstra N. andS. M.Fleming.2025. \u201cPerceptual Reality Monitoring as Higher\u2010Order Inference on Sensory Precision.\u201dhttps:\/\/2023.ccneuro.org\/proceedings\/0000158.pdf.","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/36xdz_v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2022.104557"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2025.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03212420"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956\u20107976.2004.00736.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.06.011"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","first-page":"129","article-title":"The Study of Validity and Reliability of the Persian Version of the Movement Imagery Questionnaire 2","volume":"19","author":"Haji Abadi R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Olympic"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747\u2010014\u20100403\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.3025"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2017.1398166"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015\u20105759\/a000721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852918001487"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003\u2010066X.61.8.760"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u20102909.114.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.88.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorgensen T. D. S.Pornprasertmanit A. M.Schoemann andY.Rosseel.2012. \u201csemTools: Useful Tools for Structural Equation Modeling.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.semTools.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.semTools"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs15050685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u20108295.1973.tb01322.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"New Directions for Mental Imagery Research","volume":"19","author":"Marks D. F.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Imagery"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044\u20108295.1995.tb02561.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Validating of the Big Five Inventory (BFI\u201010): a Very Brief Measure of the Five Factor Personality Model","volume":"1","author":"Mohammad Zadeh A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quarterly of Educational Measurement"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpbs\u2010123402"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"To Study Reliability and Validity for a Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD\u20107)","volume":"9","author":"Naeinian M. R.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology and Personality"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","unstructured":"Nanay B.1997. \u201cMental Imagery.\u201dhttps:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/mental\u2010imagery\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/1932-0191.1069"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583\u2010019\u20100202\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2015.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2006.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acp.858"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273171.2012.715555"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revelle W.2007. \u201cPsych: Procedures for Psychological Psychometric and Personality Research.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.psych.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.psych"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","first-page":"177","article-title":"Gender Differences in the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire: A Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"19","author":"Richardson J. T. E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Mental Imagery"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.30.2.200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. T. D.Jorgensen andL.De Wilde.2012. \u201cLavaan: Latent Variable Analysis.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.32614\/CRAN.package.lavaan.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.lavaan"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluating the Fit of Structural Equation Models: Tests of Significance and Descriptive Goodness\u2010of\u2010Fit Measures","volume":"8","author":"Schermelleh\u2010Engel K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods of Psychological Research Online"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0023"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2018.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428\u2010016\u20100730\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105902"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erap.2003.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.281053"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1454107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201094021\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2024.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.04.003"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.71203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.71203","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.71203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:49:07Z","timestamp":1791560947000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.71203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.71203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.71203","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-30","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-29","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71203"}}