{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T20:22:18Z","timestamp":1787602938704,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015650","name":"Canon Medical Systems Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015650","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies have shown that high\u2010resolution ultrasound (HRUS) devices allow us to accurately measure peripheral nerves in newborns. In consideration of these developments, this study aimed to analyze the structure and cross\u2010sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve in children with SMA and evaluate the usefulness and reproducibility of HRUS imaging for the monitoring of peripheral nerves in these children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 12 participants aged 1\u201315 years with SMA were included in this repeated cross\u2010sectional study. In addition, 97 normally developing children aged 2 days to 17 years were included as controls. Using HRUS devices, the structure and CSA of the median nerve were determined at three sites (wrist, forearm, and above the elbow). The measured CSA and nerve structure were compared between the groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CSA of the median nerve was smaller in the children with SMA than in the controls. Compared to the controls, SMA children had a mean CSA ranging from 0.70 to 1.02\u00a0mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      smaller while adjusting for age. Similar to normally developing children, the increase in CSA with age in children with SMA can be described using a logarithmic curve. Furthermore, ultrasonographic examination indicated a loss of the fascicular structure of the nerves, which, together with muscle atrophy, led to an altered sonographic appearance and more difficult visualization.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>HRUS is a useful method for monitoring nerve growth in children with SMA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T04:43:31Z","timestamp":1770353011000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Examination of the Peripheral Nervous System in Children With Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A High\u2010Resolution Ultrasonographic Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Janina","family":"Wurster","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland  St. Gallen Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Trials Unit HOCH Health Ostschweiz Kantonsspital St. Gallen  St. Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland  St. Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9 Phillip","family":"B\u00fcrke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland  St. Gallen Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Jansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland  St. Gallen Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip Julian","family":"Broser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Hospital of Eastern Switzerland  St. Gallen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"110","article-title":"Erworbene Polyneuropathien im Kindesalter","volume":"23","author":"Broser P.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropaediatrie"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2018.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018\u2010018\u20102849\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378\u20103782(77)90015\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018\u2010022\u201004522\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.23722"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2022.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Electrical Signs of Nervous Activity","author":"Erlanger J.","year":"1937"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032247"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddi467"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2020.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007945"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14528"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010021\u201002543\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(08)60921\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140\u20106736(80)90847\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25594-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","volume-title":"GeneReviews","author":"Prior T. 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