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Although there is currently no commonly agreed neurobiological model of tinnitus generation and chronification, several electrophysiological parameters have been proposed as potential neural markers to objectify tinnitus symptoms. Accordingly, electroencephalography\u2010based (EEG) neurofeedback may prove to be a promising symptom\u2010relieving intervention to directly influence the development, maintenance, and distress of tinnitus. In the present clinical study, we examined the effects of low\u2010 and high\u2010intensity multifocal tomographic EEG neurofeedback in two matched cohorts of older participants with chronic subjective tinnitus who learned to regulate electrical activity in three circumscribed brain regions, namely the auditory cortex, anterior insula, and dorsal anterior cingulate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using a crossover design in which the two groups received 1 or 2 weekly training sessions in the first month, with the same number of total training sessions after 2 months, participants attempted to increase the alpha\/delta power ratio in the bilateral auditory cortex as well as the theta\/beta ratio in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and the anterior insula. We evaluated the impact of the EEG\u2010based neurofeedback training on self\u2010reported tinnitus scores, psychological variables, and health\u2010related dimensions. The effectiveness of multifocal tomographic neurofeedback and training intensity was also assessed using resting\u2010state EEG data collected before and after 1 and 2 months of training, as well as 3 and 6 months after the last training session.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Finding<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurofeedback protocols were generally associated with lower tinnitus distress and had a positive impact on subjective general health status in the low\u2010intensity training group. However, contrary to our expectations, we did not find any neural effect of neurofeedback for the trained brain regions or on subjective tinnitus perception.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Taken together, these results provide a critical perspective on the relationship between multifocal tomographic neurofeedback and group\u2010based resting\u2010state EEG as a marker of training\u2010dependent changes of neural activity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T05:48:57Z","timestamp":1776059337000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["EEG\u2010Based Multifocal Tomographic Neurofeedback in Older Individuals With Chronic Tinnitus Does Not Lead to Persistent Electrophysiological Changes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Elmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Linguistics, Computational Neuroscience of Speech &amp; Hearing University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Competence Center Language &amp; Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Talaska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Peter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9632-5795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathalie","family":"Giroud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computational Linguistics, Computational Neuroscience of Speech &amp; Hearing University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Competence Center Language &amp; Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience Zurich University and ETH of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Neff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy University of Regensburg  Regensburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kleinjung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Competence Center Language &amp; Medicine University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"},{"name":"Center for Neuroscience Zurich University and ETH of Zurich Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2014.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"Angermeyer M. 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