{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T07:28:50Z","timestamp":1781162930221,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775433600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine is a primary headache disorder, which leads to diminished health\u2010related quality of life (HRQoL). There is limited evidence assessing efficacy of cannabis\u2010based medicinal products (CBMPs) for migraine. This study investigates the efficacy and safety of CBMPs to treat migraine headache using validated patient\u2010reported outcome measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This case series utilizes data from the UK Medical Cannabis Registry. Primary outcomes included changes in Headache Impact Test 6 (HIT\u20106), Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD\u20107), Single Item Sleep Quality Scale (SQS), and EuroQol 5\u2010Dimensions 5\u2010Levels (EQ\u20105D\u20105L) from baseline up to 24 months. Adverse events (AEs) and their severity were recorded. A\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value &lt; 0.050 was statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Two hundred and three adult patients met inclusion criteria. Improvements at all intervals up to 24 months, relative to baseline, were observed in the HIT\u20106, GAD\u20107, SQS, and EQ\u20105D\u20105L (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.010) and up to 12 months in the MIDAS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.050). Female sex (odds ratio [OR] 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.23\u20130.98,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.046) and a bottom quartile THC dose (OR 0.25, CI 0.06\u20130.93,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.047) were negative predictors of MIDAS improvement. One in seven (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 31; 15.27%) patients reported 249 AEs (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 110, 44.18% mild;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 79, 31.73% moderate;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 57, 26.91% severe;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 3, 1.20% life\u2010threatening).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CBMPs were associated with improvements in HRQoL measures up to 2 years, being relatively well tolerated. Higher THC doses were associated with a greater likelihood of improvement on migraine\u2010specific measures, although wide confidence intervals warrant caution in interpreting results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Findings indicate utility of CBMPs for migraine, but randomized controlled trials are required to establish causation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T03:51:07Z","timestamp":1775533867000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["UK Medical Cannabis Registry: A Clinical Outcomes Analysis for Migraine"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Lennon","family":"Hooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Erridge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evonne","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"McLachlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ross","family":"Coomber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"},{"name":"St. George's Hospital NHS Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Augustin","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Rucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine Kings College London  London UK"},{"name":"South London &amp; Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark W.","family":"Weatherall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"},{"name":"Buckinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust  Amersham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikael H.","family":"Sodergren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Medical Cannabis Research Group, Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London  London UK"},{"name":"Curaleaf Clinic  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2025.116742"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13456"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S258433"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1967.00470230096013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10060360"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab245"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1957"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2016.11.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010020\u201005712\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2019.1634086"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/medlaw\/fwaa002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468\u20102982.2003.00441.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute.2009.Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) version 4.03."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.32.6.555"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010023\u201001710\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1470919"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.618447"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45541-9_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YIC.0000000000000556"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010023\u201046797\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.43848"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/18.23.7142"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553\u20102712.2007.tb01855.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136\u2010011\u20109903\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2003.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5000524"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.10.054"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.15281"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20101331.2011.03612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadr.2024.100253"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010psych\u2010113011\u2010143739"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","unstructured":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. (2020). \u201cNew Guidance and Information for Industry From the MHRA.\u201d GOV.UK. Published December 31.https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/new\u2010guidance\u2010and\u2010information\u2010for\u2010industry\u2010from\u2010the\u2010mhra."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2010.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09720502.2010.10700699"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/365061a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.2024.Definition|Background information|Migraine|CKS|NICE.https:\/\/cks.nice.org.uk\/topics\/migraine\/background\u2010information\/definition\/. August 2025."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2023.2174017"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics.2024.Drug misuse in England and Wales.https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/drugmisuseinenglandandwales\/yearendingjune2022#overall\u2010trends\u2010in\u2010drug\u2010misuse. 15 December 2022."},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2022.2155139"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2023.115665"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/24.088"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1673"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002275"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526\u20104610.2009.01544.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuster N. M. M. S.Wallace T. D.Marcotte et\u00a0al.2024. \u201cVaporized Cannabis versus Placebo for Acute Migraine: A Randomized Controlled Trial.\u201d Preprint medRxiv February 18.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.02.16.24302843.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.16.24302843"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.32622"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526\u20104610.1976.hed1604185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.7478"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526\u20104610.2003.03050.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joim.2020.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.2437"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2008.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2009.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4274\/Npa.y7310"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221118924"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115740"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(16)30293\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(17)32154\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410379890"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen\u20102021\u2010054282"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010024\u201001883\u20103"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.71323","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.71323","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.71323","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T08:21:38Z","timestamp":1780906898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.71323"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.71323"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.71323","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-25","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71323"}}