{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T18:03:49Z","timestamp":1792260229391,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parasitic infections remain endemic among children, yet the neurocognitive and educational impact of these infections has not been systematically synthesized. This systematic review investigates the potential associations between parasitic infections and neurocognitive and educational outcomes among school\u2010aged children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A comprehensive review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Included studies encompassed both observational and interventional designs, examining cognitive and educational outcomes in relation to infections with\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., soil\u2010transmitted helminths (STHs),\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., and other common parasitic agents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 80 studies reviewed, 29 focused on\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., with 13 identifying significant cognitive impairments, particularly in memory, attention, and increased school absenteeism. STHs were investigated in 26 studies, 11 of which reported associations with reduced intelligence quotient (IQ), executive dysfunction, and poor academic performance.\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. was examined in 15 studies, with 9 highlighting cognitive deficits, especially postcerebral malaria. Additional parasitic infections, including tungiasis (3 studies),\n                      <jats:italic>Giardia<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Entamoeba<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (4 studies), and\n                      <jats:italic>Taenia<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. (2 studies), were consistently linked to adverse cognitive and educational outcomes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The most frequently implicated parasites are\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., STHs, and\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. demonstrate consistent associations with neurocognitive deficits. Pharmacological treatment alone may be insufficient; comprehensive strategies integrating early medical intervention, nutritional rehabilitation, and improved educational access are warranted. Future research should emphasize longitudinal methodologies, harmonized cognitive assessment tools, and cross\u2010sectoral approaches to mitigate these developments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T06:39:41Z","timestamp":1774939181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Parasitic Infections and Associated Cognitive Outcome Among School\u2010Aged Children in Africa: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9172-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albertha Maku","family":"Adu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Larbi","family":"Simpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2923-3873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Mawutor","family":"Donkor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwaku Sarfo","family":"Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alzheimer's and Related Disorders Association of Ghana  Tema Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5997-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxwell Hubert","family":"Antwi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science Faculty of Health Sciences Koforidua Technical University  Koforidua Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4045-1364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linus","family":"Kpelle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5379-963X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George Nkrumah","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science School of Allied Health Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1173-1493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ansumana","family":"Bockarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences University of Cape Coast  Cape Coast Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1283054"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S003118201100237X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099006502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sciaf.2024.e02508"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed10050125"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475\u20102875\u201010\u2010334"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18084218"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035\u20109203(73)90040\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2024.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00087.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12\u20100248"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.2016.1155454"},{"issue":"48","key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","first-page":"2035","article-title":"The Effects of Subclinical Bilharziasis on Mental Ability in School Children","volume":"48","author":"Castle W. 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