{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T01:57:15Z","timestamp":1783130235533,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dementia encompasses distinct subtypes characterized by different underlying mechanisms\u2014most notably, Alzheimer's disease (AD), driven by neurodegeneration, and vascular dementia (VaD), stemming from cerebrovascular pathology. Growing evidence emphasizes the critical role of neuroinflammatory processes in both conditions, highlighting inflammatory biomarkers as potential tools for differential diagnosis. This study assesses the diagnostic accuracy of inflammatory biomarkers in distinguishing AD from VaD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases was conducted in November 2025 to identify eligible studies. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to compare inflammatory marker levels between AD and VaD groups. Random\u2010effects models were applied for all meta\u2010analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fifteen observational studies involving 1728 participants were included. Pooled analyses showed no significant differences in IL\u20106 (SMD: \u22120.13; 95% CI: \u22120.44 to 0.19;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.433), TNF\u2010\u03b1 (SMD: \u22120.22; 95% CI: \u22120.71 to 0.28;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.388), or CRP (SMD: 0.73; 95% CI: \u22120.17 to 1.62;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.111) between AD and VaD overall. However, subgroup analyses indicated context\u2010dependent variations: IL\u20106 and TNF\u2010\u03b1 levels were lower in patients with AD in studies conducted in Eastern regions, with larger sample sizes (\u2265100 participants), older populations (\u226570 years), or higher methodological quality. CRP showed similar patterns in larger or higher\u2010quality studies. Importantly, IL\u20101\u03b2 levels were significantly higher in patients with AD compared to patients with VaD (SMD: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.18 to 0.79;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exploratory analyses suggest IL\u20101\u03b2 as a promising candidate for differentiating AD from VaD, warranting validation in larger, prospective studies.\u00a0The\u00a0preliminary, context\u2010dependent signals\u00a0for IL\u20101\u03b2, IL\u20106, and TNF\u2010\u03b1 indicate that inflammatory pathways differ between these dementias but are substantially influenced by methodological and population factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Systematic review registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0INPLASY platform (number: INPLASY202570068)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71341","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:47:33Z","timestamp":1776408453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnostic Value of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Differentiating Vascular Dementia From Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yingchun","family":"Ling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital  Shaoxing City China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital  Shaoxing City China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingmin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital  Shaoxing City China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital  Shaoxing City China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital  Shaoxing City China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yating","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Shaoxing Seventh People's Hospital  Shaoxing City China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989\u00d705282643"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210\u2010025\u201004154\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.326.7382.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2016.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533446"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S479899"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195\u2010020\u201000694\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357\u2010022\u201000556\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470712184.ch9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0047\u20106374(01)00313\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197\u20102456(86)90046\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2015.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205020666221226140721"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu W. 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