{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T09:03:02Z","timestamp":1780909382970,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":21,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Social restrictions during the coronavirus (COVID\u201019) pandemic have resulted in children spending more time with their families and having fewer opportunities to attend nursery schools or therapeutic facilities. Few studies have examined the impact of the COVID\u201019 pandemic on the development and parenting environments of 3\u2010year\u2010old children. In this study, we aimed to examine the impact of the COVID\u201019 pandemic on fine and gross motor skills and language development, including comprehension and communication, in 3\u2010year\u2010old children. The secondary objective was to investigate their impact on caregiving environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This repeated cross\u2010sectional study was conducted at age 3 years using data from a longitudinal birth cohort. We analyzed data from routine 3\u2010year\u2010old health examinations conducted in Kobe City, Japan, between April 2014 and March 2021. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between COVID\u201019 birth cohorts and developmental and caregiving outcomes among 3\u2010year\u2010old children. In total, 62,192 children (3 years, 51.4% males; majority Japanese) were categorized into three birth cohorts: pre\u2010 (from 4\/1\/2014 to 3\/31\/2017;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 29,421), partial\u2010 (from 4\/1\/2017 to 3\/31\/2020;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 25,202), and post\u2010COVID\u201019 (from 4\/1\/2020 to 3\/31\/2021;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7569).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of impaired gross motor skills and language comprehension was significantly higher in the post\u2010COVID\u201019 group than in the pre\u2010COVID\u201019 group (gross motor skill: 0.7%\u00a0vs. 0.5%, OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.95,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04; language comprehension abnormalities: 3.6%\u00a0vs. 2.1%, OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.49\u20131.99,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). However, medical evaluations conducted by physicians showed no differences in fine motor skills. Caregiver questionnaires showed impaired verbal and communication skills, as well as reduced interactions with peers and relatives, in the post\u2010COVID\u201019 group (limited vocabulary growth: 1.0%\u00a0vs. 0.7%, OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.01\u20131.72,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04; inability to formulate three\u2010word sentences: 4.4%\u00a0vs. 3.4%, OR 1.26, 95% CI 1.11\u20131.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001; inability to state the names of their playmates: 5.5%\u00a0vs. 3.9%, OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.25\u20131.57,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.003). However, no definitive conclusions regarding motor skills could be drawn from our findings. Although caregiving assistance decreased significantly in the COVID\u201019 group, comparable trends were observed in the pre\u2010COVID\u201019 group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings indicate that the COVID\u201019 pandemic was associated with changes in language development and social interactions, possibly reflecting decreased opportunities for social engagement outside the family.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T05:44:35Z","timestamp":1776923075000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the COVID\u201019 Pandemic on Child Development and Caregiving: A 7\u2010Year Repeated Cross\u2010Sectional Study of 3\u2010Year\u2010Old Children in Kobe City, Japan"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kazuki","family":"Suemune","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Nishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hyogo Prefectural Kobe Children's Hospital  Kobe Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Kyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine  Kobe 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