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It regulates autophagy either independently of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) or via mTOR activation, promoting alpha\u2010synuclein (\u03b1\u2010synuclein) clearance. Acupuncture also suppresses apoptosis (modulating Bcl\u20102\u2010associated X protein (Bax)\/B\u2010cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl\u20102)) and pyroptosis (inhibiting NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and gasdermin D (GSDMD)). It enhances neurogenesis through brain\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)\/extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase (ERK)\/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element\u2010binding protein (CREB) and glial cell line\u2010derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) signaling, promoting neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, acupuncture reduces neuroinflammation by decreasing microglial activation, cyclooxygenase\u20102 (COX\u20102), tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\u03b1), and interleukin\u20101 beta (IL\u20101\u03b2). It also modulates gut microbiota composition (e.g., increasing butyrate\u2010producing bacteria like Butyricimonas and reducing pro\u2010inflammatory Erysipelotrichaceae and Bacteroides) and influences lipid metabolism, thereby mitigating dopaminergic neuron loss and motor deficits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical evidence demonstrates that acupuncture exerts multi\u2010target neuroprotective effects against PD through pathways involving oxidative stress, autophagy, apoptosis\/pyroptosis, neurogenesis, neuroinflammation, and gut microbiota\u2010lipid metabolism crosstalk. However, limitations include a focus on preventive rather than reversal effects, lack of long\u2010term efficacy data, and heterogeneity in acupoint selection. Further mechanistic and standardization studies are warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T06:22:31Z","timestamp":1776925351000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acupuncture: A Promising Non\u2010Pharmacological Approach to Parkinson's Disease Management"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xi\u2010Chen","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi\u2010Yue","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LongHua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine  Shanghai 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