{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T09:49:27Z","timestamp":1791625767603,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background<\/jats:bold>\n                    : University students face increasing levels of stress, anxiety, and self\u2010efficacy, which may disrupt autonomic balance. While many mind\u2013body interventions require sustained practice, growing evidence suggests that even a single session can yield immediate benefits. This randomized controlled trial compared the immediate and short\u2010term effects of the brain wave modulation technique (BWM\u2010T) and a brief mindfulness induction on psychological and physiological outcomes in university students.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods<\/jats:bold>\n                    : 68 students were randomly assigned to either BWM\u2010T or a brief mindfulness induction. State anxiety (STAI\u2010Y1), psychological distress (distress thermometer), generalized self\u2010efficacy scale (GSES), and 5 min heart rate variability (HRV) indices were assessed at baseline (T0), immediately after the session (T1), and 4 h later (T2). Mixed\u2010design ANOVAs with Time (T0, T1, T2) as a within\u2010subject factor and group (BWM\u2010T vs. brief mindfulness induction) as a between\u2010subject factor were conducted, followed by paired\u2010sample\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010tests where appropriate.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>\n                    : Across the total sample, significant main effects of Time emerged for state anxiety, distress, and self\u2010efficacy (ps &lt; 0.001), indicating reductions in anxiety and distress and increases in self\u2010efficacy from pre\u2010to post\u2010session that were largely maintained at the 4 h follow\u2010up. No significant time \u00d7 group interactions were found for psychological outcomes, suggesting comparable trajectories for BWM\u2010T and mindfulness. For HRV indices, a significant time \u00d7 group interaction was observed only for VLF power. VLF decreased from T0\u2013T1 in the BWM\u2010T group, whereas no systematic changes were detected in the mindfulness group. All other HRV parameters (SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50, LF, HF, LF\/HF) remained stable over time, with no differential group effects.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusions<\/jats:bold>\n                    : A single 16 min session of either BWM\u2010T or a brief mindfulness induction yielded rapid improvements in self\u2010reported anxiety, distress and GSES in university students, with effects persisting up to 4 h. Physiological effects were limited to a short\u2010lived reduction in VLF power following BWM\u2010T, while other indices of vagally mediated HRV did not change significantly. These findings support the use of brief mind\u2013body practices as feasible tools for acute stress regulation in academic settings, while underscoring the need for larger, adequately powered trials and more comprehensive autonomic assessments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T09:54:58Z","timestamp":1778579698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of BWM\u2010T Versus Brief Mindfulness Induction on Stress, Anxiety and Self\u2010Efficacy in University Students: Immediate and Short\u2010Term Outcomes of RCT on Psychological Well\u2010Being and Autonomic Balance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mauro","family":"Cozzolino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human, Philosophical and Educational Sciences University of Salerno  Fisciano 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