{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:46:24Z","timestamp":1782938784026,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate neural mechanisms associated with improvements in core symptoms of attention\u2010deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) following a virtual reality (VR) intervention, using resting\u2010state fMRI (rs\u2010fMRI) with the percent amplitude of fluctuation (PerAF) and standardized clinical behavioral assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifteen children with ADHD and fourteen age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched typically developing children were enrolled. A pre\u2010post intervention design was applied. Children with ADHD completed the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham Rating scale\u2010fourth edition (SNAP\u2010IV), the matching familiar figures test (MFFT), and rs\u2010fMRI scans before and after the VR intervention. Healthy controls underwent identical assessments at baseline. Voxel\u2010wise analyses were conducted, and correlation analyses were conducted between changes in PerAF values and behavioral measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following the VR intervention, children with ADHD showed significant reductions in SNAP\u2010IV scores for inattention, hyperactivity\/impulsivity, and oppositional defiant behaviors, as well as fewer MFFT errors (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with baseline, decreased PerAF values were observed in the right middle frontal gyrus, whereas increased PerAF values were found in the left paracentral lobule (PCL). Relative to healthy controls, the ADHD group exhibited elevated PerAF values in the left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) after the intervention, which were positively correlated with oppositional defiant symptoms (r = 0.610).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The VR intervention may ameliorate hyperactivity\u2010impulsivity and behavioral problems in children with ADHD by modulating neural activity in brain regions associated with cognitive control (right MFG) and sensorimotor integration (left PCL). However, its regulatory effects on core attentional deficits and temporo\u2010limbic circuits (left ITG) appear to be relatively limited. These findings provide preliminary neuroimaging evidence supporting the potential of VR as an adjunctive intervention for ADHD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T17:39:59Z","timestamp":1780076399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neural Correlates of Virtual Reality Intervention in Children With Attention\u2010Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Resting\u2010State fMRI Study Based on Percent Amplitude of Fluctuation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xinjie","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province  Hangzhou Zhejiang Province China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jieling","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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