{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:44:13Z","timestamp":1788921853334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review examines the bidirectional relationship between sleep regulation and the gut microbiome within the gut\u2013brain axis, with particular attention to mechanistic pathways, disorder\u2010associated dysbiosis patterns, and microbiome\u2010targeted interventions in insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, circadian disruption, and sleep loss\u2010related states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We critically synthesized evidence from both human and preclinical studies, focusing on microbial metabolites, neuroimmune and neuroendocrine signaling, circadian regulation, and intervention\u2010based approaches. Rather than only summarizing individual studies, we aimed to distinguish associative human findings from mechanistic evidence derived mainly from animal models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Current evidence supports a bidirectional link between sleep and the gut microbiome. Microbiota\u2010derived metabolites, particularly short\u2010chain fatty acids, tryptophan\u2010related metabolites, and gamma\u2010aminobutyric acid, appear to influence sleep homeostasis through effects on intestinal barrier integrity, inflammatory tone, stress\u2010axis regulation, and central signaling pathways. Across sleep disorders, recurrent microbial patterns include reduced abundance of potentially beneficial taxa such as\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and enrichment of pro\u2010inflammatory or stress\u2010associated taxa, although these signatures are not yet fully consistent across cohorts or disorders. In humans, most data remain observational and support association rather than causation, whereas stronger mechanistic support comes from experimental models of sleep deprivation, intermittent hypoxia, and microbiota transfer. Early intervention studies suggest that selected probiotics, prebiotics, dietary modulation, and related microbiome\u2010directed strategies may improve sleep\u2010related outcomes, but the magnitude and reproducibility of these effects remain uncertain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The gut microbiome represents a promising mechanistic and therapeutic target in sleep medicine, but clinical translation is still constrained by heterogeneity in microbiome profiling, sleep phenotyping, intervention design, and strain\u2010specific effects. Future work should prioritize longitudinal human studies, standardized outcome measures, and mechanistically informed trials capable of identifying clinically actionable and biologically credible microbiome signatures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71525","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T07:35:01Z","timestamp":1780558501000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Gut Microbiome\u2013Sleep Crosstalk: Mechanistic Pathways, Dysbiosis Signatures, and Microbiome\u2010Based Interventions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ghaleb","family":"Oriquat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research Al\u2010Ahliyya Amman University  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaker","family":"Al\u2010Hasnaawei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy Islamic University  Najaf Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Medical Analysis, Medical Laboratory Technique College The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah  Al Diwaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hayjaa Mohaisen","family":"Mousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry Al\u2010Turath University  Baghdad Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Malathi H","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences JAIN (Deemed to Be University)  Bangalore Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siya","family":"Singla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology Chitkara University  Rajpura Punjab India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5610-0380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samir","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine IMS and SUM Hospital Siksha \u2018O\u2019 Anusandhan (Deemed to Be University)  Bhubaneswar Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vimal","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Pharma Sciences Chandigarh University  Mohali Punjab India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashish Singh","family":"Chauhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Research and Innovation Uttaranchal University  Dehradun Uttarakhand India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehrdad","family":"Nourizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Center Tabriz University of Medical Sciences  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71309"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37212\/JCNOS.610103"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13418"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r3601"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2020.113439"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1841749"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baldanzi G. 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