{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:46:22Z","timestamp":1782938782029,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780876800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study examined the immediate and sustained effects of song\u2010based language learning on English as a foreign language (EFL) learners\u2019 academic development, cognitive engagement, and motivation for learning. The study is primarily grounded in self\u2010determination theory and sociocultural theory and is additionally informed by the input and output hypotheses and multimodal learning theory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A quasi\u2010experimental design was employed with 200 elementary\u2010level EFL learners drawn from eight private language institutes in Urmia, Iran. Participants were assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 11 weeks of song\u2010based English instruction, while the control group received traditional instruction. Data were collected at three time points\u2014pretest, immediate posttest, and follow\u2010up\u2014using validated questionnaires measuring academic development, cognitive engagement, and motivation for learning. Repeated\u2010measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyze the data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results revealed that learners exposed to song\u2010based instruction demonstrated significantly greater gains in academic development, cognitive engagement, and motivation for learning at the immediate posttest compared to those in the control group. Importantly, these gains were largely maintained at the follow\u2010up stage, indicating that the positive effects of song\u2010based instruction were sustained over time.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that integrating songs into EFL instruction can promote not only immediate learning benefits but also enduring improvements in learners\u2019 academic development, cognitive engagement, and motivation. The study contributes to the growing body of research on arts\u2010integrated pedagogies in language education and offers important pedagogical implications for EFL teachers and curriculum designers seeking to foster sustained learner engagement and development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T04:41:09Z","timestamp":1780980069000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immediate and Sustained Effects of Song\u2010Based Language Learning on English as a Foreign Language Learners\u2019 Academic Development, Cognitive Engagement, and Motivation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yanyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Cooperation Division Shanghai Urban Construction Vocational College  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Jabrealy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Language Teaching, Zanjan Branch Islamic Azad University  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siros","family":"Izadpanah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Language Teaching, Zanjan Branch Islamic Azad University  Zanjan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_18_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22219\/celtic.v12i2.41630"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00094"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_4_1","volume-title":"Teaching and Learning Through Multiple Intelligences","author":"Campbell D.","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_5_1","volume-title":"Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tesq.580"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_7_1","volume-title":"The Psychology of the Language Learner: Individual Differences in Second Language Acquisition","author":"D\u00f6rnyei Z.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_8_1","volume-title":"Research Methods in Applied Linguistics: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methodologies","author":"D\u00f6rnyei Z.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315779553"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315833750"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v6n2p113"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_18_12_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"Melodies That Help: The Relation Between Language Aptitude and Musical Intelligence","volume":"22","author":"Fonseca\u2010Mora M. C.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anglistik: International Journal of English Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074001059"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2024.103350"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.learninstruc.2024.102026"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v4n1p182"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0309601"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_19_1","volume-title":"The Input Hypothesis: Issues and Implications","author":"Krashen S. D.","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001316447003000308"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_21_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"The Routledge Handbook of Instructed Second Language Acquisition","author":"Lamb M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2025.103676"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-025-06033-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09588221.2023.2219711"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_25_1","volume-title":"An A\u2013Z of Applied Linguistics Research Methods","author":"Loewen S.","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003188414"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811678"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611416999"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11251-025-09739-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0023\u20108333.00111"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2011.00142"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2021.102497"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2191\u20105059\u20103\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lang.12203"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00461520.2013.804395"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00405841.2019.1702451"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781009024532"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/978.14625\/28806"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cedpsych.2020.101860"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17985\/ijare.1369773"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20108986.2004.00172.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2020.102381"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-024-02303-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lindif.2024.102586"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40299-024-00833-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.69760\/portuni.0104004"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1473\u20104192.2010.00257.x"},{"issue":"42","key":"e_1_2_18_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.46652\/rgn.v9i42.1244","article-title":"The Impact of Song\u2010Based English Lessons in the Motivation of EFL Students","volume":"9","author":"Vallejo J.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Religaci\u00f3n: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_49_1","volume-title":"Mind in Society","author":"Vygotsky L. S.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09650790903484508"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.104827"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2025.105363"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37251\/jetlc.v2i2.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_18_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.system.2025.103679"}],"container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.71532","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/brb3.71532","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/brb3.71532","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T20:29:02Z","timestamp":1782937742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/brb3.71532"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/brb3.71532"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.71532","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2162-3279","2162-3279"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2162-3279","type":"print"},{"value":"2162-3279","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-12-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-05-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-08","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71532"}}