{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:44:15Z","timestamp":1792395855954,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012456","name":"National Social Science Fund of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20BSH047"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20BSH047"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methamphetamine (MA) abusers have impaired executive functioning with gender differences, which may be related to the reward prediction errors (RPEs) that drive reinforcement learning and recognition memory, as RPE signaling is impaired in MA abusers. We examined whether the driving effects of RPE on reinforcement learning and recognition memory are impaired in MA abusers and how they differ between women and men.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighty\u2010two MA abusers (43 men, 39 women) from Zhejiang Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center and 86 non\u2010users (45 men, 41 women) from Wenzhou medical university were recruited in this experimental study. We employed a behavioral paradigm adapted from Rouhani et\u00a0al., which included a learning task and a recognition test. In the learning task, participants underwent a cycle of prediction and feedback, using the outcomes to iteratively adjust their subsequent choices. Reward prediction errors were manipulated by giving different monetary reward feedback after each reward prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MA abusers showed significant impairments in learning rates and recognition accuracy compared with non\u2010users. GLMM analysis revealed gender\u2010specific patterns: the moderating effect of group on the RPE\u2010learning relationship was significant in females but not in males, indicating impaired RPE utilization in female abusers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that methamphetamine abuse impairs RPE\u2010dependent learning and memory, with reduced RPE utilization efficiency specifically observed in female abusers\u2014manifested as larger prediction errors but lower learning rates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T06:48:26Z","timestamp":1789454906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reward Prediction Errors Drive Reinforcement Learning and Recognition Memory: Gender Differences in Methamphetamine Abusers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"YuQing","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"},{"name":"Psychological Assessment Unit, Department of Psychiatry The Second Affiliated Hospital &amp; Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Die","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"},{"name":"School of Psychology Shandong Normal University  Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LePing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"},{"name":"The Center for Geriatric Medicine The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SongSong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZhiYing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zhejiang Moganshan Female Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center  Huzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiancheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Huanglong Compulsory Isolation Drug Rehabilitation Center  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengyi","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wenzhou Ouhai District Anti\u2010Drug Committee Office  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"},{"name":"Lishui Second People's Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University  Lishui China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2010_93"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010024\u201006638\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117062"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2013.12070978"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2700\u201016.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010016\u20104283\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Reinforcement Learning Models of the Dopamine System and Their Behavioral Implications","author":"Daw N.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.04.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09658211.2025.2502488"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.09.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562\u2010019\u20100597\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.8.1403"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2011.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213\u2010019\u201005276\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2018.12.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460\u20109568.2012.08074.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5587\u201009.2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201003992\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2018.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","first-page":"64","volume-title":"A Theory of Pavlovian Conditioning: Variations in the Effectiveness of Reinforcement and Nonreinforcement","author":"Rescorla R. 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