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Cognitive reserve (CR) is one component of brain resilience and may be supported by educational, occupational, and leisure experiences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This exploratory, cross\u2010sectional study examined associations among psychological well\u2010being, engagement in leisure activities associated with cognitive reserve, and cognitive performance in older community dwellers (older adults living independently) in Spain. General brain resilience was tapped on by measuring performance in memory and attention cognitive tasks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used the depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS\u201021), life satisfaction scale (SWLS), loneliness scale (UCLA), and cognitive reserve scale (CRS) as proxy measures for psychological well\u2010being and cognitive reserve in 80 people (33 men) between 65 and 101 years of age. The CRS was used as a proxy measure of the leisure\u2010activity contribution to cognitive reserve rather than as a comprehensive or direct measure of cognitive reserve. To probe cognitive performance, we administered a memory\u2010span task and spatial\u2010cueing tasks measuring endogenous and exogenous attention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among males, higher CRS scores were associated with lower perceived stress and greater reported loneliness, whereas comparable associations were not observed among females. Higher CRS scores were also associated with selected measures of attention. No significant association was observed between CRS scores and memory span. Given the exploratory design and sample size, sex\u2010specific findings should be interpreted cautiously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We discuss these findings and outline a research agenda for more hypotheses\u2010driven studies to investigate the intricate relationships among different aspects of brain resilience, psychological well\u2010being and cognitive performance in older individuals. Better understanding of intricate associations between cognitive performance and psychological factors (feeling of loneliness, subjective stress and anxiety, and life satisfaction) may contribute to our understanding of how lifestyle and cognitive reserve are related.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T06:13:06Z","timestamp":1788415986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cognitive Reserve and Psychological Well\u2010Being in Aging Population of Community\u2010Dwellers in Spain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9464-512X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mikhail","family":"Ordin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Coimbra Coimbra Portugal"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for European Sudies Europa Universit\u00e4t Flensburg  Deutschland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9320-1888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angel","family":"Barrasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTAMED Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Atl\u00e1ntico\u2010Mediterr\u00e1neo, M\u00e1laga  Spain"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Sociology Universidad de Zaragoza  Teruel Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6767-8252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caridad","family":"L\u00f3pez\u2010Granero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UTAMED Universidad Tecnol\u00f3gica Atl\u00e1ntico\u2010Mediterr\u00e1neo, M\u00e1laga  Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3702-786X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leona","family":"Polyanskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for European Sudies Europa Universit\u00e4t Flensburg  Deutschland"},{"name":"Department of English and German Studies and Translation &amp; Interpreting University of the Basque Country UPV\/EHU  Vitoria\u2010Gasteiz Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.10.2.176"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS \u201321): Validation of the Abbreviated Version in Chilean University Students","volume":"30","author":"Ant\u00fanez Z.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Terapia psicol\u00d3gica"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0104\u201011692006000600006"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","first-page":"314","article-title":"Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas de la Escala de Satisfacci\u00f3n con la Vida en Adolescentes","volume":"12","author":"Atienza F. 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