{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T09:01:58Z","timestamp":1790326918803,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788048000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Religious and spiritual practices are among the most ancient and universal human behaviors, yet their neurobiological substrates remain incompletely characterized. Neurotheology\u2014the scientific study of the relationship between spiritual experience and brain function\u2014has produced growing evidence that such practices generate measurable, systematic, and neuroplastic changes in brain structure and function. However, prior reviews have been limited to single practice types, narrow evidence bases, or narrative methods, with none synthesizing the full spectrum of traditions, practices, and neuroimaging modalities in a single review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adhering to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines and registered on the Open Science Framework,\n                      <jats:italic>Scopus, PubMed\/MEDLINE<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>ProQuest<\/jats:italic>\n                      (23 sub\u2010databases) were searched from inception to June 30, 2026. Eligible studies comprised those using objective neuroimaging or neurophysiological techniques. After multi\u2010stage screening, 105 studies (1998\u20132026) were synthesized narratively using the synthesis without meta\u2010analysis (SWiM) framework, given substantial heterogeneity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies spanned Buddhist, Christian, Islamic, Hindu, Santo Daime, Spiritist, Sant Mat, and mixed traditions, examining meditation, prayer, chanting, recitation, worship, retreat, mystical experience, mediumistic trance, and ritual altered states. Consistent engagement appeared across the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, default mode network (DMN), insula, amygdala, hippocampus, temporoparietal junction, and dopaminergic\/serotonergic systems. Practice\u2010specific signatures emerged: meditation (DMN suppression, prefrontal augmentation), prayer (social\u2010cognition networks), chanting\/recitation (limbic deactivation, gamma\/delta enhancement), and mystical states (most distributed profiles). Long\u2010term practitioners showed structural neuroplasticity, and clinical\u2010population studies linked these circuits to depression, anxiety, and stress.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Religious and spiritual practices produce consistent, practice\u2010specific, and neuroplastic modifications to brain systems governing attention, emotion regulation, self\u2010referential processing, and reward\u2014supporting a plausible mechanistic link between spiritual engagement and mental health, and positioning neurotheology as an empirically grounded dialogue between contemplative tradition and clinical neuroscience.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71733","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T05:59:33Z","timestamp":1788155973000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Neuroscience of Religious and Spiritual Practices: A Systematic Review of Neurotheological Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3047-1834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waqar","family":"Husain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0347-8053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Achraf","family":"Ammar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science Johannes Gutenberg\u2010University Mainz  Mainz Germany"},{"name":"Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax University of Sfax  Sfax Tunisia"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Technology Department, Agriculture School The University of Jordan  Amman Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urwa\u2010Tul","family":"Wusqa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maha","family":"Farooq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zehra","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad Campus  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8686-7259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seithikurippu R.","family":"Pandi\u2010Perumal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre For Research and Development Chandigarh University  Mohali Punjab India"},{"name":"Central Research Facility (CRF), Dr D.Y. 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F. S. A.Yahya I.Pammusu andK. 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