{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:44:11Z","timestamp":1792395851823,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788652800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurately predicting environmental dangers is a fundamental ability for animal and human survival. Fear memory could be disrupted by various stimuli, including inflammation, which can be mimicked by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. LPS, which can activate microglia and disrupt the blood\u2010brain barrier (BBB), can impair contextual fear memory consolidation when injected immediately after fear conditioning. However, the mechanism is not clear. Minocycline, a tetracycline derivative, can reduce inflammation and microglial activation. This study aims to explore the role of microglial activation in LPS\u2010induced contextual fear memory consolidation impairment and BBB disruption.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immediately after the fear conditioning training, 0.5 or 1\u00a0mg\/kg LPS was injected i.p., and the contextual fear memory was tested 24\u00a0h later, followed by biochemical and histological test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results showed that LPS impaired contextual fear memory consolidation, which was accompanied by a significant leakage of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the hippocampus 24\u00a0h after LPS treatment. In addition, significantly decreased levels of claudin\u20105 and occludin, and significantly upregulated levels of caveolin\u20101, microglial activation, and the levels of pro\u2010inflammatory factors interleukin\u20101\u03b2 (IL\u20101\u03b2) and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (TNF\u2010\u03b1) were found in the hippocampus. In contrast, minocycline, which could inhibit microglial activation, reduce LPS\u2010induced memory impairment and BBB damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, the study provides preliminary evidence that LPS can impair the consolidation of contextual fear memory by causing microglial activation, releasing pro\u2010inflammatory factors IL\u20101\u03b2 and TNF\u2010\u03b1, and leading to BBB disruption in the hippocampus of mice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71747","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T05:17:11Z","timestamp":1788758231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microglial Activation Plays a Critical Role in LPS\u2010Induced Contextual Fear Memory Consolidation Impairment and Blood\u2010Brain Barrier Disruption"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Shanxi Health Vocational College  Shanxi China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linxuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology School of Basic Medical Sciences Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5351-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinchun","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology School of Basic Medical Sciences Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection Capital Medical University  Beijing 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