{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:57:46Z","timestamp":1791460666796,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010434","name":"'la Caixa' Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LCF\/TR\/CC22\/52500009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LCF\/TR\/CC22\/52500009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DTS24\/00069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DTS24\/00069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003030","name":"Ag\u00e8ncia de Gesti\u00f3 d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025 INNOV 00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025 INNOV 00056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain and Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Accurate localization of the F3 scalp position is essential for targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), particularly when neuronavigation is unavailable. However, simplified scalp\u2010based heuristic methods may lead to clinically relevant targeting errors due to substantial interindividual variability in cranial morphology. In this context, this study evaluates the geometric accuracy of commonly used and newly proposed scalp\u2010based approaches for localizing the F3 position within the International 10\u201320 system. Specifically, it examines the impact of cranial morphological variability on localization error and assesses whether individualized regression\u2010based methods can improve targeting accuracy compared to traditional heuristic techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The intrinsic geometric accuracy of five F3 localization methods was systematically compared: BeamF3, Adjusted BeamF3, the Scalp Geometry\u2010based Parameter (SGP) method, NeurallyF3, and a newly developed approach EPlacementF3. A total of 250 anatomically realistic and morphologically diverse 3D head models (125 female, 125 male), generated using the HumanShape platform, were analyzed. Localization error was quantified as the Euclidean distance between each estimated F3 position and the reference coordinate defined by the International 10\u201320 system.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BeamF3 and Adjusted BeamF3 showed the highest localization errors (mean &gt;5.5\u00a0mm and &gt;8\u00a0mm, respectively), while the SGP method improved accuracy (\u22482.4\u00a0mm). In contrast, NeurallyF3 and EPlacementF3 achieved submillimetric errors across sexes. EPlacementF3 demonstrated the best overall performance, with the lowest mean error (\u223c0.2\u00a0mm) and consistent results in the independent validation dataset. These findings highlight the strong influence of cranial morphology on heuristic methods and the superior robustness of individualized regression\u2010based approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Commonly used heuristic methods do not reliably recover the true F3 position across heterogeneous cranial morphologies. In contrast, individualized regression\u2010based approaches substantially reduce morphology\u2010related error, supporting more accurate and scalable MRI\u2010free targeting for rTMS and other non\u2010invasive brain stimulation applications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:29:57Z","timestamp":1791458997000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reducing Cranial Morphology Error in F3 Scalp Localization: Comparison of Heuristic and Regression\u2010Based Methods"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3814-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"P\u00e0mies\u2010Vil\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya\u2014Barcelona Tech  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1151-4514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laia","family":"Mallol\u2010Bordas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3191-795X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vicen\u00e7","family":"Pascual\u2010Rubio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophisiology and Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Neuro\u00c8pia Southern Catalonia Biomedical Research Institute \u2013 IRB CatSud  Reus Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2878-1369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Albert","family":"Fabregat\u2010Sanjuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering Universitat Rovira i Virgili  Tarragona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","unstructured":"Beam W. andJ.Borckardt.2010. \u201cBA9 BA8 BA42 Location System.\u201d ClinicalReseracher. 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