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However, a systematic investigation of the mechanisms between figurative language deficits and moderating factors such as lesion side remains lacking. Moreover, while the right hemisphere has traditionally been emphasized in pragmatic processing, accumulating evidence now suggests that the contributions of the left and right hemispheres may depend on linguistic factors such as conventionality. A recent systematic review on idiom comprehension in aphasia has highlighted the critical role of stimulus characteristics, yet no quantitative synthesis has examined how conventionality modulates hemispheric contributions to figurative language processing after unilateral brain damage. This meta\u2010analysis aims to: (1) quantify the overall difference between left\u2010 and right\u2010hemisphere damaged (LBD and RBD) patients in figurative language comprehension accuracy; (2) examine whether conventionality moderates hemispheric differences; (3) explore potential moderators\u2014including aphasia status, task type, and sample size\u2014that may influence the LBD\u2010RBD difference; and (4) compare impairment patterns of LBD and RBD patients relative to healthy controls across different conventionality levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was conducted across Web of Science, PubMed, and ProQuest. Studies comparing LBD and\/or RBD patients to healthy controls on accuracy in figurative language comprehension tasks were included. Multi\u2010level meta\u2010analyses were performed to estimate overall effect sizes, examine moderating effects of conventionality, and compare impairment patterns. Meta\u2010regressions explored potential moderators including aphasia status, sample size, task types, and number of trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010five articles met inclusion criteria, with 13 articles providing direct LBD\u2010RBD comparisons (516 LBD; 476 RBD patients). Overall, no significant main effect of hemisphere emerged. Although the interaction between conventionality and lesion side did not reach statistical significance, the pattern of effect sizes across conventionality levels revealed meaningful trends. At high conventionality, LBD patients showed greater deficits than RBD patients, while at low conventionality, RBD patients showed greater deficits. Moderator analyses further revealed that task type and sample size significantly modulated the overall LBD\u2010RBD difference, whereas aphasia status and number of trials did not. Additional comparisons including 70 LBD versus HC studies (1120 LBD patients, 1342 HC) and 68 RBD versus HC studies (1135 RBD patients, 1291 HC) confirmed that both patient groups are significantly impaired relative to healthy controls across all conventionality levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hemispheric contributions to figurative language comprehension are dynamic and conventionality\u2010dependent. The left hemisphere is particularly crucial for highly conventionalized expressions, while both hemispheres contribute to novel expressions. These findings are further qualified by methodological moderators: task type and sample size significantly modulated the observed hemispheric differences, whereas aphasia status and number of trials did not. The results have implications for neurocognitive models of figurative language and for the design of clinical assessments, highlighting the need to consider both conventionality and task demands when evaluating figurative language abilities in brain\u2010damaged populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.71828","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T05:16:32Z","timestamp":1791436592000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hemispheric Contributions to Figurative Language Comprehension After Unilateral Brain Damage: A Meta\u2010Analysis of Lesion Side and Conventionality Interaction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7743-7652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lexian","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Research Center For Language and Well\u2010Being Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Studies Anhui Polytechnic University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Studies Anhui Polytechnic University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Studies Anhui Polytechnic University  Wuhu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Foreign Languages Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"National Research Center For Language and Well\u2010Being Shanghai Jiao Tong University  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Language Disorder and Brain Science Research Center Hunan Normal University  Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936\u2010017\u20109508\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2022.105081"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386","volume-title":"Introduction to Meta\u2010Analysis","author":"Borenstein M.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.112.1.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","volume-title":"The Appreciation and Comprehension of Lexical Humour in Patients With Right\u2010Hemisphere Brain Damage","author":"Bricker K. 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